Transgenic plants with enhanced agronomic traits

ABSTRACT

This invention provides transgenic plant cells with recombinant DNA for expression of proteins that are useful for imparting enhanced agronomic trait(s) to transgenic crop plants. This invention also provides transgenic plants and progeny seed comprising the transgenic plant cells where the plants are selected for having an enhanced trait selected from the group of traits consisting of enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil. Also disclosed are methods for manufacturing transgenic seed and plants with enhanced traits.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit under 35USC §19(e) of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/638,099, filed Dec. 21, 2004, and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/660,320, filed Mar. 10, 2005, both of which herein incorporated by reference.

INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

Two copies of the sequence listing (Copy 1 and Copy 2) and a computer readable form (CRF) of the sequence listing, all on CD-ROMs, each containing the text file named 38-21(53720)B, which is 33,897 kilobytes (measured in MS-WINDOWS) and was created on Dec. 13, 2005, are herein incorporated by reference.

INCORPORATION OF COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING

Computer Program Listing folders hmmer-2.3.2 and 67 pfamDir are contained on a compact disc and is hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Folder hmmer-2.3.2 contains the source code and other associated file for implementing the HMMer software for Pfam analysis. Folder 67 pfamDir contains 67 Pfam Hidden Markov Models. Both folders were created on the disk on December 13, 2005, having a total size of 7.7 megabytes (measured in MS-WINDOWS).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein are inventions in the field of plant genetics and developmental biology. More specifically, the present inventions provide plant cells with recombinant DNA for providing an enhanced trait in a transgenic plant, plants comprising such cells, seed and pollen derived from such plants, methods of making and using such cells, plants, seeds and pollen.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Transgenic plants with improved agronomic traits such as yield, environmental stress tolerance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, improved seed compositions, and the like are desired by both farmers and consumers. Although considerable efforts in plant breeding have provided significant gains in desired traits, the ability to introduce specific DNA into plant genomes provides further opportunities for generation of plants with improved and/or unique traits. Merely introducing recombinant DNA into a plant genome doesn't always produce a transgenic plant with an enhanced agronomic trait. Methods to select individual transgenic events from a population are required to identify those transgenic events that are characterized by the enhanced agronomic trait.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention employs recombinant DNA for expression of proteins that are useful for imparting enhanced agronomic traits to the transgenic plants. Recombinant DNA in this invention is provided in a construct comprising a promoter that is functional in plant cells and that is operably linked to DNA that encodes a protein having at least one amino acid domain in a sequence that exceeds the Pfam gathering cutoff for amino acid sequence alignment with a protein domain family identified by a Pfam name in the group of Pfam names as identified in Table 28. In more specific embodiments of the invention the protein expressed in plant cells has an amino acid sequence with at least 90% identity to a consensus amino acid sequence in the group of consensus amino acid sequences consisting of the consensus amino acid sequence constructed for SEQ ID NO:84 and homologs thereof listed in Table 2 through the consensus amino acid sequence constructed for SEQ ID NO: 166 and homologs thereof listed in Table 2. In even more specific embodiments of the invention the protein expressed in plant cells is a protein selected from the group of proteins identified in Table 1.

Other aspects of the invention are specifically directed to transgenic plant cells comprising the recombinant DNA of the invention, transgenic plants comprising a plurality of such plant cells, progeny transgenic seed and transgenic pollen from such plants. Such plant cells are selected from a population of transgenic plants regenerated from plant cells transformed with recombinant DNA and that express the protein by screening transgenic plants in the population for an enhanced trait as compared to control plants that do not have said recombinant DNA, where the enhanced trait is selected from group of enhanced traits consisting of enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil.

In yet another aspect of the invention the plant cells, plants, seeds and pollen further comprise DNA expressing a protein that provides tolerance from exposure to an herbicide applied at levels that are lethal to a wild type of said plant cell. Such tolerance is especially useful not only as a advantageous trait in such plants but is also useful in a selection step in the methods of the invention. In aspects of the invention the agent of such herbicide is a glyphosate, dicamba, or glufosinate compound.

Yet other aspects of the invention provide transgenic plants which are homozygous for the recombinant DNA and transgenic seed of the invention from corn, soybean, cotton, canola, alfalfa, wheat or rice plants. In other important embodiments for practice of various aspects of the invention in Argentina the recombinant DNA is provided in plant cells derived from corn lines that that are and maintain resistance to the Mal de Rio Cuarto virus or the Puccina sorghi fungus or both.

This invention also provides methods for manufacturing non-natural, transgenic seed that can be used to produce a crop of transgenic plants with an enhanced trait resulting from expression of stably-integrated, recombinant DNA for expressing a protein having at least one domain of amino acids in a sequence that exceeds the Pfam gathering cutoff for amino acid sequence alignment with a protein domain family identified by a Pfam name in the group of Pfam names identified in Table 28. More specifically the method comprises (a) screening a population of plants for an enhanced trait and a recombinant DNA, where individual plants in the population can exhibit the trait at a level less than, essentially the same as or greater than the level that the trait is exhibited in control plants which do not express the recombinant DNA, (b) selecting from the population one or more plants that exhibit the trait at a level greater than the level that said trait is exhibited in control plants, (c) verifying that the recombinant DNA is stably integrated in said selected plants, (d) analyzing tissue of a selected plant to determine the production of a protein having the function of a protein encoded by nucleotides in a sequence of one of SEQ ID NO: 1-83; and (e) collecting seed from a selected plant. In one aspect of the invention the plants in the population further comprise DNA expressing a protein that provides tolerance to exposure to an herbicide applied at levels that are lethal to wild type plant cells and the selecting is effected by treating the population with the herbicide, e.g. a glyphosate, dicamba, or glufosinate compound. In another aspect of the invention the plants are selected by identifying plants with the enhanced trait. The methods are especially useful for manufacturing corn, soybean, cotton, alfalfa, wheat or rice seed.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of producing hybrid corn seed comprising acquiring hybrid corn seed from a herbicide tolerant corn plant which also has stably-integrated, recombinant DNA comprising a promoter that is (a) functional in plant cells and (b) is operably linked to DNA that encodes a protein having at least one domain of amino acids in a sequence that exceeds the Pfam gathering cutoff for amino acid sequence alignment with a protein domain family identified by a Pfam name in the group of Pfam names identified in Table 28. The methods further comprise producing corn plants from said hybrid corn seed, wherein a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed is homozygous for said recombinant DNA, a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed is hemizygous for said recombinant DNA, and a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed has none of said recombinant DNA; selecting corn plants which are homozygous and hemizygous for said recombinant DNA by treating with an herbicide; collecting seed from herbicide-treated-surviving corn plants and planting said seed to produce further progeny corn plants; repeating the selecting and collecting steps at least once to produce an inbred corn line; and crossing the inbred corn line with a second corn line to produce hybrid seed.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of selecting a plant comprising plant cells of the invention by using an immunoreactive antibody to detect the presence of protein expressed by recombinant DNA in seed or plant tissue. Yet another aspect of the invention provides anti-counterfeit milled seed having, as an indication of origin, a plant cells of this invention.

Still other aspects of this invention relate to transgenic plants with enhanced water use efficiency or enhanced nitrogen use efficiency. For instance, this invention provides methods of growing a corn, cotton or soybean crop without irrigation water comprising planting seed having plant cells of the invention which are selected for enhanced water use efficiency. Alternatively methods comprise applying reduced irrigation water, e.g. providing up to 300 millimeters of ground water during the production of a corn crop. This invention also provides methods of growing a corn cotton or soybean crop without added nitrogen fertilizer comprising planting seed having plant cells of the invention which are selected for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a DNA sequence.

FIGS. 2 and 3 are alignments of amino acid sequence.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein a “plant cell” means a plant cell that is transformed with stably-integrated, non-natural, recombinant DNA, e.g. by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or by baombardment using microparticles coated with recombinant DNA or other means. A plant cell of this invention can be an originally-transformed plant cell that exists as a microorganism or as a progeny plant cell that is regenerated into differentiated tissue, e.g. into a transgenic plant with stably-integrated, non-natural recombinant DNA, or seed or pollen derived from a progeny transgenic plant.

As used herein a “transgenic plant” means a plant whose genome has been altered by the stable integration of recombinant DNA. A transgenic plant includes a plant regenerated from an originally-transformed plant cell and progeny transgenic plants from later generations or crosses of a transformed plant.

As used herein “recombinant DNA” means DNA which has been a genetically engineered and constructed outside of a cell including DNA containing naturally occurring DNA or cDNA or synthetic DNA.

As used herein “consensus sequence” means an artificial sequence of amino acids in a conserved region of an alignment of amino acid sequences of homologous proteins, e.g. as determined by a CLUSTALW alignment of amino acid sequence of homolog proteins.

As used herein “homolog” means a protein in a group of proteins that perform the same biological function, e.g. proteins that belong to the same Pfam protein family and that provide a common enhanced trait in transgenic plants of this invention. Homologs are expressed by homologous genes. Homologous genes include naturally occurring alleles and artificially-created variants. Degeneracy of the genetic code provides the possibility to substitute at least one base of the protein encoding sequence of a gene with a different base without causing the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide produced from the gene to be changed. Hence, a polynucleotide useful in the present invention may have any base sequence that has been changed from SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83 by substitution in accordance with degeneracy of the genetic code. Homologs are proteins that, when optimally aligned, have at least 60% identity, more preferably about 70% or higher, more preferably at least 80% and even more preferably at least 90% identity over the full length of a protein identified as being associated with imparting an enhanced trait when expressed in plant cells. Homologs include proteins with an amino acid sequence that has at least 90% identity to a consensus amino acid sequence of proteins and homologs disclosed herein.

Homologs are be identified by comparison of amino acid sequence, e.g. manually or by use of a computer-based tool using known homology-based search algorithms such as those commonly known and referred to as BLAST, FASTA, and Smith-Waterman. A local sequence alignment program, e.g. BLAST, can be used to search a database of sequences to find similar sequences, and the summary Expectation value (E-value) used to measure the sequence base similarity. As a protein hit with the best E-value for a particular organism may not necessarily be an ortholog or the only ortholog, a reciprocal query is used in the present invention to filter hit sequences with significant E-values for ortholog identification. The reciprocal query entails search of the significant hits against a database of amino acid sequences from the base organism that are similar to the sequence of the query protein. A hit is a likely ortholog, when the reciprocal query's best hit is the query protein itself or a protein encoded by a duplicated gene after speciation. A further aspect of the invention comprises functional homolog proteins that differ in one or more amino acids from those of disclosed protein as the result of conservative amino acid substitutions, for example substitutions are among: acidic (negatively charged) amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid; basic (positively charged) amino acids such as arginine, histidine, and lysine; neutral polar amino acids such as glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine; neutral nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids such as alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine; amino acids having aliphatic side chains such as glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; amino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains such as serine and threonine; amino acids having amide-containing side chains such as asparagine and glutamine; amino acids having aromatic side chains such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; amino acids having basic side chains such as lysine, arginine, and histidine; amino acids having sulfur-containing side chains such as cysteine and methionine; naturally conservative amino acids such as valine-leucine, valine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, aspartic acid-glutamic acid, and asparagine-glutamine. A further aspect of the homologs encoded by DNA useful in the transgenic plants of the invention are those proteins that differ from a disclosed protein as the result of deletion or insertion of one or more amino acids in a native sequence.

As used herein, “percent identity” means the extent to which two optimally aligned DNA or protein segments are invariant throughout a window of alignment of components, for example nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence. An “identity fraction” for aligned segments of a test sequence and a reference sequence is the number of identical components that are shared by sequences of the two aligned segments divided by the total number of sequence components in the reference segment over a window of alignment which is the smaller of the full test sequence or the full reference sequence. “Percent identity” (“% identity”) is the identity fraction times 100.

As used herein “Pfam” refers to a large collection of multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models covering many common protein families, e.g. Pfam version 18.0 (August 2005) contains alignments and models for 7973 protein families and is based on the Swissprot 47.0 and SP-TrEMBL 30.0 protein sequence databases. See S. R. Eddy, “Profile Hidden Markov Models”, Bioinformatics 14:755-763, 1998. Pfam is currently maintained and updated by a Pfam Consortium. The alignments represent some evolutionary conserved structure that has implications for the protein's function. Profile hidden Markov models (profile HMMs) built from the Pfam alignments are useful for automatically recognizing that a new protein belongs to an existing protein family even if the homology by alignment appears to be low. Once one DNA is identified as encoding a protein which imparts an enhanced trait when expressed in transgenic plants, other DNA encoding proteins in the same protein family are identified by querying the amino acid sequence of protein encoded by candidate DNA against the Hidden Markov Model which characterizes the Pfam domain using HMMER software, a current version of which is provided in the appended computer listing. Candidate proteins meeting the gathering cutoff for the alignment of a particular Pfam are in the protein family and have cognate DNA that is useful in constructing recombinant DNA for the use in the plant cells of this invention. Hidden Markov Model databases for use with HMMER software in identifying DNA expressing protein in a common Pfam for recombinant DNA in the plant cells of this invention are also included in the appended computer listing. The HMMER software and Pfam databases are version 18.0 and were used to identify known domains in the proteins corresponding to amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:84 through SEQ ID NO:166. All DNA encoding proteins that have scores higher than the gathering cutoff disclosed in Table 27 by Pfam analysis disclosed herein can be used in recombinant DNA of the plant cells of this invention, e.g. for selecting transgenic plants having enhanced agronomic traits. The relevant Pfams for use in this invention, as more specifically disclosed below, are AAA, AP2, Aldo ket red, Alpha-amylase, Aminotran 1 2, Ank, ArfGap, Asn synthase, BRO1, CBFD NFYB HMF, Catalase, CorA, Cpn60 TCP1, Cystatin, DNA photolyase, DSPc, DUF1685, DUF296, Dil9, E2F TDP, FAD binding 7, FA desaturase, FBPase, GAF, GATA, GATase 2, Glyco hydro 1, Glyoxalase, Got1, HATPase c, HSF DNA-bind, HSP20, HisKA, Homeobox, Hpt, Isoamylase N, K-box, Lactamase B, Metallophos, MtN3 slv, NAF, NAM, NIF, Oxidored FMN, PAS, PDZ, PRA1, Peptidase C15, Peptidase S10, Peptidase S41, Phytochrome, Peinase, Pkinase Tyr, Pyridoxal deC, RIO1, RRM 1, RTC, RTC insert, Ras, Response reg, SPC25, SPX, SRF-TF, Synaptobrevin, UPF0057, zf-C2H2, and zf-C3HC4, the databases for which are included in the appended computer listing.

As used herein “promoter” means regulatory DNA for initializing transcription. A “plant promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells whether or not its origin is a plant cell, e.g. is it well known that Agrobacterium promoters are functional in plant cells. Thus, plant promoters include promoter DNA obtained from plants, plant viruses and bacteria such as Agrobacterium and Braidyrhizobium bacteria. Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, or seeds. Such promoters are referred to as “tissue preferred”. Promoters that initiate transcription only in certain tissues are referred to as “tissue specific”. A “cell type” specific promoter primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves. An “inducible” or “repressible” promoter is a promoter which is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may effect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions, or certain chemicals, or the presence of light. Tissue specific, tissue preferred, cell type specific, and inducible promoters constitute the class of “non-constitutive” promoters. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter which is active under most conditions.

As used herein “operably linked” means the association of two or more DNA fragments in a DNA construct so that the function of one, e.g. protein-encoding DNA, is controlled by the other, e.g. a promoter.

As used herein expressed” means produced, e.g. a protein is expressed in a plant cell when its cognate DNA is transcribed to mRNA that is translated to the protein.

As used herein a “control plant” means a plant that does not contain the recombinant DNA that expressed a protein that impart an enhanced trait. A control plant is to identify and select a transgenic plant that has an enhance trait. A suitable control plant can be a non-transgenic plant of the parental line used to generate a transgenic plant, i.e. devoid of recombinant DNA. A suitable control plant may in some cases be a progeny of a hemizygous transgenic plant line that is does not contain the recombinant DNA, known as a negative segregant.

As used herein an “enhanced trait” means a characteristic of a transgenic plant that includes, but is not limited to, an enhance agronomic trait characterized by enhanced plant morphology, physiology, growth and development, yield, nutritional enhancement, disease or pest resistance, or environmental or chemical tolerance. In more specific aspects of this invention enhanced trait is selected from group of enhanced traits consisting of enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil. In an important aspect of the invention the enhanced trait is enhanced yield including increased yield under non-stress conditions and increased yield under environmental stress conditions. Stress conditions may include, for example, drought, shade, fungal disease, viral disease, bacterial disease, insect infestation, nematode infestation, cold temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, reduced nitrogen nutrient availability, reduced phosphorus nutrient availability and high plant density. “Yield” can be affected by many properties including without limitation, plant height, pod number, pod position on the plant, number of internodes, incidence of pod shatter, grain size, efficiency of nodulation and nitrogen fixation, efficiency of nutrient assimilation, resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, carbon assimilation, plant architecture, resistance to lodging, percent seed germination, seedling vigor, and juvenile traits. Yield can also affected by efficiency of germination (including germination in stressed conditions), growth rate (including growth rate in stressed conditions), ear number, seed number per ear, seed size, composition of seed (starch, oil, protein) and characteristics of seed fill.

Increased yield of a transgenic plant of the present invention can be measured in a number of ways, including test weight, seed number per plant, seed weight, seed number per unit area (i.e. seeds, or weight of seeds, per acre), bushels per acre, tonnes per acre, tons per acre, kilo per hectare. For example, maize yield may be measured as production of shelled corn kernels per unit of production area, for example in bushels per acre or metric tons per hectare, often reported on a moisture adjusted basis, for example at 15.5 percent moisture. Increased yield may result from improved utilization of key biochemical compounds, such as nitrogen, phosphorous and carbohydrate, or from improved responses to environmental stresses, such as cold, heat, drought, salt, and attack by pests or pathogens. Recombinant DNA used in this invention can also be used to provide plants having improved growth and development, and ultimately increased yield, as the result of modified expression of plant growth regulators or modification of cell cycle or photosynthesis pathways. Also of interest is the generation of transgenic plants that demonstrate enhanced yield with respect to a seed component that may or may not correspond to an increase in overall plant yield. Such properties include enhancements in seed oil, seed molecules such as tocopherol, protein and starch, or oil particular oil components as may be manifest by an alterations in the ratios of seed components.

A subset of the nucleic molecules of this invention includes fragments of the disclosed recombinant DNA consisting of oligonucleotides of at least 15, preferably at least 16 or 17, more preferably at least 18 or 19, and even more preferably at least 20 or more, consecutive nucleotides. Such oligonucleotides are fragments of the larger molecules having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 through SEQ ID NO:83, and find use, for example as probes and primers for detection of the polynucleotides of the present invention.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a dominant negative mutant of a native gene is generated to achieve the desired effect. As used herein, “dominant negative mutant” means a mutant gene whose gene product adversely affects the normal, wild-type gene product within the same cell, usually by dimerizing (combining) with it. In cases of polymeric molecules, such as collagen, dominant negative mutations are often more deleterious than mutations causing the production of no gene product (null mutations or null alleles). SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 7 are constructed to encode agl11 protein with K-box deleted and MADs 3 protein with MAD box deleted, respectively. MADS box proteins similar to AGL11 can be considered as having three functional domains. There is an N-terminal DNA-binding domain (the MADS box), a more distal dimerization domain (the K-box) and a C-terminal domain that is usually involved in interactions with other proteins. In plants the region between the MADS box and the K-box has been shown to be important for DNA binding in some proteins and is often referred to as the I-box (Fan et al., 1997).Several different classes of dominant negative constructs are considered. Deletion or inactivation of the DNA-binding domain can create proteins that are able to dimerize with their native full length counterparts as well as other natural dimerization partners. Likewise, removal of the C-terminal domain can allow dimerization with both the native protein and it's natural dimerization partners. In both cases these types of constructs disable both the target protein and any other protein capable of interacting with the K-box.

In other embodiments of the invention a constitutively active mutant is constructed to achieve the desired effect. SEQ ID NO:3 encodes only the kinase domain from a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK). CDPK1 has a domain structure similar to other calcium-dependant protein kinases in which the protein kinase domain is separated from four efhand domains by 42 amino acid “spacer” region. Calcium-dependant protein kinases are thought to be activated by a calcium-induced conformational change that results in movement of an autoinhibitory domain away from the protein kinase active site (Yokokura et al., 1995). Thus, constitutively active proteins can be made by over expressing the protein kinase domain alone.

DNA constructs are assembled using methods well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art and typically comprise a promoter operably linked to DNA, the expression of which provides the enhanced agronomic trait. Other construct components may include additional regulatory elements, such as 5′ leasders and introns for enhancing transcription, 3′ untranslated regions (such as polyadenylation signals and sites), DNA for transit or signal peptides.

Numerous promoters that are active in plant cells have been described in the literature. These include promoters present in plant genomes as well as promoters from other sources, including nopaline synthase (NOS) promoter and octopine synthase (OCS) promoters carried on tumor-inducing plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, caulimovirus promoters such as the cauliflower mosaic virus. For instance, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,858,742 and 5,322,938, which disclose versions of the constitutive promoter derived from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV35S), U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,876, which discloses a rice actin promoter, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2002/0192813A1, which discloses 5′, 3′ and intron elements useful in the design of effective plant expression vectors, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/757,089, which discloses a maize chloroplast aldolase promoter, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/706,946, which discloses a rice glutelin promoter, U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/757,089, which discloses a maize aldolase (FDA) promoter, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/310,370, which discloses a maize nicotianamine synthase promoter, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. These and numerous other promoters that function in plant cells are known to those skilled in the art and available for use in recombinant polynucleotides of the present invention to provide for expression of desired genes in transgenic plant cells.

In some aspects of the invention, sufficient expression in plant seed tissues is desired to effect improvements in seed composition. Exemplary promoters for use for seed composition modification include promoters from seed genes such as napin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,034), zein Z27 and glutelin1 (Russell et al. (1997) Transgenic Res. 6(2):157-166), peroxiredoxin antioxidant (Per1) (Stacy et al. (1996) Plant Mol Biol. 31(6): 1205-1216)., maize L3 oleosin (U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,252), globulin 1 (Belanger et al (1991) Genetics 129:863-872).

In other aspects of the invention, preferential expression in plant green tissues is desired. Promoters of interest for such uses include those from (genes such as Arabidopsis thaliana ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) small subunit (Fischhoff et al. (1992) Plant Mol Biol. 20:81-93), aldolase and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) (Taniguchi et al. (2000) Plant Cell Physiol. 41(1):42-48).

Furthermore, the promoters may be altered to contain multiple “enhancer sequences” to assist in elevating gene expression. Such enhancers are known in the art. By including an enhancer sequence with such constructs, the expression of the selected protein may be enhanced. These enhancers often are found 5′ to the start of transcription in a promoter that functions in eukaryotic cells, but can often be inserted upstream (5′) or downstream (3′) to the coding sequence. In some instances, these 5′ enhancing elements are introns. Particularly useful as enhancers are the 5′ introns of the rice actin 1 (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,876)and rice actin 2 genes, the maize alcohol dehydrogenase gene intron, the maize heat shock protein 70 gene intron (U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,874) and the maize shrunken 1 gene.

In other aspects of the invention, sufficient expression in plant seed tissues is desired to effect improvements in seed composition. Exemplary promoters for use for seed composition modification include promoters from seed genes such as napin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,034), maize L3 oleosin (U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,252), zein Z27 (Russell et al. (1997) Transgenic Res. 6(2): 157-166), globulin 1 (Belanger et al (1991) Genetics 129:863-872), glutelin 1 (Russell (1997) supra), and peroxiredoxin antioxidant (Per1) (Stacy et al. (1996) Plant Mol Biol. 31(6):1205-1216).

Recombinant DNA constructs prepared in accordance with the invention will also generally include a 3′ element that typically contains a polyadenylation signal and site. Well-known 3′ elements include those from Agrobacterium tumefaciens genes such as nos 3′, tml 3′, tmr 3′, tms 3′, ocs 3′, tr7 3′, for example disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,627, incorporated herein by reference; 3′ elements from plant genes such as wheat (Triticum aesevitum) heat shock protein 17 (Hsp17 3′), a wheat ubiquitin gene, a wheat fructose-1,6-biphosphatase gene, a rice glutelin gene a rice lactate dehydrogenase gene and a rice beta-tubulin gene, all of which are disclosed in U.S. published patent application 2002/0192813 A1, incorporated herein by reference; and the pea (Pisum sativum) ribulose biphosphate carboxylase gene (rbs 3′), and 3′ elements from the genes within the host plant.

Constructs and vectors may also include a transit peptide for targeting of a gene target to a plant organelle, particularly to a chloroplast, leucoplast or other plastid organelle. For descriptions of the use of chloroplast transit peptides see U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,642 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,925, incorporated herein by reference. For description of the transit peptide region of an Arabidopsis EPSPS gene useful in the present invention, see Klee, H. J. et al (MGG (1987) 210:437-442).

Transgenic plants comprising or derived from plant cells of this invention transformed with recombinant DNA can be further enhanced with stacked traits, e.g. a crop plant having an enhanced trait resulting from expression of DNA disclosed herein in combination with herbicide and/or pest resistance traits. For example, genes of the current invention can be stacked with other traits of agronomic interest, such as a trait providing herbicide resistance, or insect resistance, such as using a gene from Bacillus thuringensis to provide resistance against lepidopteran, coliopteran, homopteran, hemiopteran, and other insects. Herbicides for which transgenic plant tolerance has been demonstrated and the method of the present invention can be applied include, but are not limited to, glyphosate, dicamba, glufosinate, sulfonylurea, bromoxynil and norflurazon herbicides. Polynucleotide molecules encoding proteins involved in herbicide tolerance are well-known in the art and include, but are not limited to, a polynucleotide molecule encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,094,945; 5,627,061; 5,633,435 and 6,040,497 for imparting glyphosate tolerance; polynucleotide molecules encoding a glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175 and a glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT) disclosed in U.S. Patent Application publication 2003/0083480 A1 also for imparting glyphosate tolerance; dicamba monooxygenase disclosed in U.S. Patent Application publication 2003/0135879 A1 for imparting dicamba tolerance; a polynucleotide molecule encoding bromoxynil nitrilase (Bxn) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 for imparting bromoxynil tolerance; a polynucleotide molecule encoding phytoene desaturase (crtl) described in Misawa et al, (1993) Plant J. 4:833-840 and Misawa et al, (1994) Plant J. 6:481-489 for norflurazon tolerance; a polynucleotide molecule encoding acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, aka ALS) described in Sathasiivan et al. (1990) Nucl. Acids Res. 18:2188-2193 for imparting tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides; polynucleotide molecules known as bar genes disclosed in DeBlock, et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:2513-2519 for imparting glufosinate and bialaphos tolerance; polynucleotide molecules disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2003/010609 A1 for imparting N-amino methyl phosphonic acid tolerance; polynucleotide molecules disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,549 for impartinig pyridine herbicide resistance; molecules and methods for imparting tolerance to multiple herbicides such as glyphosate, atrazine, ALS inhibitors, isoxoflutole and glufosinate herbicides are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,376,754 and U.S. Patent Application Publication 2002/0112260, all of said U.S. Patents and Patent Application Publications are incorporated herein by reference. Molecules and methods for imparting insect/nematode/virus resistance is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,250,515; 5,880,275; 6,506,599; 5,986,175 and U.S. Patent Application Publication 2003/0150017 A1, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In particular embodiments, the inventors contemplate the use of antibodies, either monoclonal or polyclonal which bind to the proteins disclosed herein. Means for preparing and characterizing antibodies are well known in the art (See, e.g., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988; incorporated herein by reference). The methods for generating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generally begin along the same lines as those for preparing polyclonal antibodies. Briefly, a polyclonal antibody is prepared by immunizing an animal with an immunogenic composition in accordance with the present invention and collecting antisera from that immunized animal. A wide range of animal species can be used for the production of antisera. Typically the animal used for production of anti-antisera is a rabbit, a mouse, a rat, a hamster, a guinea pig or a goat. Because of the relatively large blood volume of rabbits, a rabbit is a preferred choice for production of polyclonal antibodies.

As is well known in the art, a given composition may vary in its immunogenicity. It is often necessary therefore to boost the host immune system, as may be achieved by coupling a peptide or polypeptide immunogen to a carrier. Exemplary and preferred carriers are keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Other albumins such as ovalbumin, mouse serum albumin or rabbit serum albumin can also be used as carriers. Means for conjugating a polypeptide to a carrier protein are well known in the art and include using glutaraldehyde, m-maleimidobencoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, carbodiimide and bis-biazotized benzidine.

As is also well known in the art, the immunogenicity of a particular immunogen composition can be enhanced by the use of non-specific stimulators of the immune response, known as adjuvants. Exemplary and preferred adjuvants include complete Freund's adjuvant (a non-specific stimulator of the immune response containing killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis), incomplete Freund's adjuvants and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant.

The amount of immunogen composition used in the production of polyclonal antibodies varies upon the nature of the immunogen as well as the animal used for immunization. A variety of routes can be used to administer the immunogen (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intravenous and intraperitoneal). The production of polyclonal antibodies may be monitored by sampling blood of the immunized animal at various points following immunization. A second, booster, injection may also be given. The process of boosting and titering is repeated until a suitable titer is achieved. When a desired level of immunogenicity is obtained, the immunized animal can be bled and the serum isolated and stored, and/or the animal can be used to generate mAbs.

mAbs may be readily prepared through use of well-known techniques, such as those exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,265, incorporated herein by reference. Typically, this technique involves immunizing a suitable animal with a selected immunogen composition, e.g., a purified or partially purified antifungal protein, polypeptide or peptide. The immunizing composition is administered in a manner effective to stimulate antibody producing cells. Rodents such as mice and rats are preferred animals, however, the use of rabbit, sheep, or frog cells is also possible. The use of rats may provide certain advantages (Goding, 1986, pp. 60-61), but mice are preferred, with the BALB/c mouse being most preferred as this is most routinely used and generally gives a higher percentage of stable fusions.

Following immunization, somatic cells with the potential for producing antibodies, specifically B lymphocytes (B cells), are selected for use in the mAb generating protocol. These cells may be obtained from biopsied spleens, tonsils or lymph nodes, or from a peripheral blood sample. Spleen cells and peripheral blood cells are preferred, the former because they are a rich source of antibody-producing cells that are in the dividing plasmablast stage, and the latter because peripheral blood is easily accessible. Often, a panel of animals will have been immunized and the spleen of animal with the highest antibody titer will be removed and the spleen lymphocytes obtained by homogenizing the spleen with a syringe. Typically, a spleen from an immunized mouse contains approximately 5×10⁷ to 2×10⁸ lymphocytes.

The antibody-producing B lymphocytes from the immunized animal are then fused with cells of an immortal myeloma cell, generally one of the same species as the animal that was immunized. Myeloma cell lines suited for use in hybridoma-producing fusion procedures preferably are non-antibody-producing, have high fusion efficiency, and enzyme deficiencies that render them incapable of growing in certain selective media which support the growth of only the desired fused cells (hybridomas).

Any one of a number of myeloma cells may be used, as are known to those of skill in the art (Goding, 1986, pp. 65-66; Campbell, 1984, pp. 75-83). For example, where the immunized animal is a mouse, one may use P3-X63/Ag8, X63-Ag8.653, NS1/1.Ag 4 1, Sp210-Ag14, FO, NSO/U, MPC-11, MPC11-X45-GTG1.7 and S194/5XX0 Bul; for rats, one may use R210.RCY3, Y3-Ag1.2.3, IR983F and 4B210; and U-266, GM1500-GRG2, LICR-LON-HMy2 and UC729-6 are all useful in connection with human cell fusions.

One preferred murine myeloma cell is the NS-1 myeloma cell line (also termed P3-NS-1-Ag4-1), which is readily available from the NIGMS Human Genetic Mutant Cell Repository by requesting cell line repository number GM3573. Another mouse myeloma cell line that may be used is the 8-azaguanine-resistant mouse murine myeloma SP2/0 non-producer cell line.

Methods for generating hybrids of antibody-producing spleen or lymph node cells and myeloma cells usually comprise mixing somatic cells with myeloma cells in a 2:1 ratio, though the ratio may vary from about 20:1 to about 1:1, respectively, in the presence of an agent or agents (chemical or electrical) that promote the fusion of cell membranes. Fusion methods using Spend virus have been described (Kohler and Milstein, 1975; 1976), and those using polyethylene glycol (PEG), such as 37% (v/v) PEG, (Gefter et al., 1977). The use of electrically induced fusion methods is also appropriate (Goding, 1986, pp. 71-74).

Fusion procedures usually produce viable hybrids at low frequencies, about 1×10⁻⁶ to 1×10⁻⁸. However, this does not pose a problem, as the viable, fused hybrids are differentiated from the parental, unfused cells (particularly the unfused myeloma cells that would normally continue to divide indefinitely) by culturing in a selective medium. The selective medium is generally one that contains an agent that blocks the de novo synthesis of nucleotides in the tissue culture media. Exemplary and preferred agents are aminopterin, methotrexate, and azasenne. Aminopterin and methotrexate block de novo synthesis of both purines and pyrimidines, whereas azasenne blocks only purine synthesis. Where aminopterin or methotrexate is used, the media is supplemented with hypoxanthine and thymidine as a source of nucleotides (HAT medium). Where azaserine is used, the media is supplemented with hypoxanthine.

The preferred selection medium is HAT. Only cells capable of operating nucleotide salvage pathways are able to survive in HAT medium. The myeloma cells are defective in key enzymes of the salvage pathway, e.g., hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and they cannot survive. The B-cells can operate this pathway, but they have a limited life span in culture and generally die within about two weeks. Therefore, the only cells that can survive in the selective media are those hybrids formed from myeloma and B-cells.

This culturing provides a population of hybridomas from which specific hybridomas are selected. Typically, selection of hybridomas is performed by culturing the cells by single-clone dilution in microtiter plates, followed by testing the individual clonal supernatants (after about two to three weeks) for the desired reactivity. The assay should be sensitive, simple and rapid, such as radioimmunoassays, enzyme immunoassays, cytotoxicity assays, plaque assays, dot immunobinding assays, and the like.

The selected hybridomas would then be serially diluted and cloned into individual antibody-producing cell lines, which clones can then be propagated indefinitely to provide mAbs. The cell lines may be exploited for mAb production in two basic ways. A sample of the hybridoma can be injected (often into the peritoneal cavity) into a histocompatible animal of the type that was used to provide the somatic and myeloma cells for the original fusion. The injected animal develops tumors secreting the specific monoclonal antibody produced by the fused cell hybrid. The body fluids of the animal, such as serum or ascites fluid, can then be tapped to provide mAbs in high concentration. The individual cell lines could also be cultured in vitro, where the mAbs are naturally secreted into the culture medium from which they can be readily obtained in high concentrations. mAbs produced by either means may be further purified, if desired, using filtration, centrifugation and various chromatographic methods such as HPLC or affinity chromatography.

Plant Cell Transformation Methods

Numerous methods for transforming plant cells with recombinant DNA are known in the art and may be used in the present invention. Two commonly used methods for plant transformation are Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and microprojectile bombardment. Microprojectile bombardment methods are illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580 (soybean); U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,318 (corn); U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,880 (corn); U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,451 (soybean); U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,208 (corn); U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,861 (corn) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,812 (wheat) and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,135 (cotton); U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,877 (soybean); U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616 (corn); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,384,301 (soybean), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. For Agrobacterium tumefaciens based plant transformation system, additional elements present on transformation constructs will include T-DNA left and right border sequences to facilitate incorporation of the recombinant polynucleotide into the plant genome.

In general it is useful to introduce recombinant DNA randomly, i.e. at a non-specific location, in the genome of a target plant line. In special cases it may be useful to target recombinant DNA insertion in order to achieve site-specific integration, for example to replace an existing gene in the genome, to use an existing promoter in the plant genome, or to insert a recombinant polynucleotide at a predetermined site known to be active for gene expression. Several site specific recombination systems exist which are known to function implants include cre-lox as disclosed in U.S. Pat No. 4,959,317 and FLP-FRT as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,695, both incorporated herein by reference.

Transformation methods of this invention are preferably practiced in tissue culture on media and in a controlled environment. “Media” refers to the numerous nutrient mixtures that are used to grow cells in vitro, that is, outside of the intact living organism. Recipient cell targets include, but are not limited to, meristem cells, callus, immature embryos and gametic cells such as microspores, pollen, sperm and egg cells. It is contemplated that any cell from which a fertile plant may be regenerated is useful as a recipient cell. Callus may be initiated from tissue sources including, but not limited to, immature embryos, seedling apical meristems, microspores and the like. Cells capable of proliferating as callus are also recipient cells for genetic transformation. Practical transformation methods and materials for making transgenic plants of this invention, for example various media and recipient target cells, transformation of immature embryo cells and subsequent regeneration of fertile transgenic plants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,194,636 and 6,232,526, which are incorporated herein by reference.

The seeds of transgenic plants can be harvested from fertile transgenic plants and be used to grow progeny generations of transformed plants of this invention including hybrid plants line for selection of plants having an enhanced trait. In addition to direct transformation of a plant with a recombinant DNA, transgenic plants can be prepared by crossing a first plant having a recombinant DNA with a second plant lacking the DNA. For example, recombinant DNA can be introduced into first plant line that is amenable to transformation to produce a transgenic plant which can be crossed with a second plant line to introgress the recombinant DNA into the second plant line. A transgenic plant with recombinant DNA providing an enhanced trait, e.g. enhanced yield, can be crossed with transgenic plant line having other recombinant DNA that confers another trait, for example herbicide resistance or pest resistance, to produce progeny plants having recombinant DNA that confers both traits. Typically, in such breeding for combining traits the transgenic plant donating the additional trait is a male line and the transgenic plant carrying the base traits is the female line. The progeny of this cross will segregate such that some of the plants will carry the DNA for both parental traits and some will carry DNA for one parental trait; such plants can be identified by markers associated with parental recombinant DNA, e.g. marker identification by analysis for recombinant DNA or, in the case where a selectable marker is linked to the recombinant, by application of the selecting agent such as a herbicide for use with a herbicide tolerance marker, or by selection for the enhanced trait. Progeny plants carrying DNA for both parental traits can be crossed back into the female parent line multiple times, for example usually 6 to 8 generations, to produce a progeny plant with substantially the same genotype as one original transgenic parental line but for the recombinant DNA of the other transgenic parental line.

In the practice of transformation DNA is typically introduced into only a small percentage of target plant cells in any one transformation experiment. Marker genes are used to provide an efficient system for identification of those cells that are stably transformed by receiving and integrating a transgenic DNA construct into their genomes. Preferred marker genes provide selective markers which confer resistance to a selective agent, such as an antibiotic or herbicide. Any of the herbicides to which plants of this invention may be resistant are useful agents for selective markers. Potentially transformed cells are exposed to the selective agent. In the population of surviving cells will be those cells where, generally, the resistance-conferring gene is integrated and expressed at sufficient levels to permit cell survival. Cells may be tested further to confirm stable integration of the exogenous DNA. Commonly used selective marker genes include those conferring resistance to antibiotics such as kanamycin and paromomycin (nptII), hygromycin B (aph IV) and gentamycin (aac3 and aacC4) or resistance to herbicides such as glufosinate (bar or pat) and glyphosate (aroA or EPSPS). Examples of such selectable are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,318; 5,633,435; 5,780,708 and 6,118,047, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Selectable markers which provide an ability to visually identify transformants can also be employed, for example, a gene expressing a colored or fluorescent protein such as a luciferase or green fluorescent protein (GFP) or a gene expressing a beta-glucuronidase or uidA gene (GUS) for which various chromogenic substrates are known.

Plant cells that survive exposure to the selective agent, or plant cells that have been scored positive in a screening assay, may be cultured in regeneration media and allowed to mature into plants. Developing plantlets regenerated from transformed plant cells can be transferred to plant growth mix, and hardened off, for example, in an environmentally controlled chamber at about 85% relative humidity, 600 ppm CO₂, and 25-250 microeinsteins m⁻² s⁻¹ of light, prior to transfer to a greenhouse or growth chamber for maturation. Plants are regenerated from about 6 weeks to 10 months after a transformant is identified, depending on the initial tissue. Plants may be pollinated using conventional plant breeding methods known to those of skill in the art and seed produced, for example self-pollination is commonly used with transgenic corn. The regenerated transformed plant or its progeny seed or plants can be tested for expression of the recombinant DNA and selected for the presence of enhanced agronomic trait.

Transgenic Plants and Seeds

Transgenic plants derived from the plant cells of this invention are grown to generate transgenic plants having an enhanced trait as compared to a control plant and produce transgenic seed and haploid pollen of this invention. Such plants with enhanced traits are identified by selection of transformed plants or progeny seed for the enhanced trait. For efficiency a selection method is designed to evaluate multiple transgenic plants (events) comprising the recombinant DNA, for example multiple plants from 2 to 20 or more transgenic events. Transgenic plants grown from transgenic seed provided herein demonstrate improved agronomic traits that contribute to increased yield or other trait that provides increased plant value, including, for example, improved seed quality. Of particular interest are plants having enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil.

Table 1 provides a list of protein encoding DNA (“genes”) that are useful as recombinant DNA for production of transgenic plants with enhanced agronomic trait, the elements of Table 1 are described by reference to:

-   “PEP SEQ” which identifies an amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NO:84     to 166. -   “NUC SEQ” which identifies a DNA sequence from SEQ ID NO: 1 to 83. -   “Base Vector” which identifies a base plasmid used for     transformation of the recombinant DNA. -   “PROTEIN NAME” which is a common name for protein encoded by the     recombinant DNA. -   “Enhanced trait” which identifies an enhanced trait which is     imparted by the expression of the protein in a transgenic crop     plant.

“Plasmid ID” which identifies an arbitrary name for the plant transformation plasmid comprising recombinant DNA for expressing the recombinant DNA in plant cells. TABLE 1 PEP NUC SEQ SEQ ID ID NO NO Base Vector PROTEIN NAME Enhanced trait(s) Plasmid ID 84 1 pMON65154 lactoylglutathione lyase Enhanced seed protein pMON69462 85 2 pMON72472 rab7c Enhanced cold tolerance pMON69456 86 3 pMON65154 CDPK kinase domain Enhanced water use pMON67754 efficiency 87 4 pMON72472 SCOF-1 Enhanced water use pMON72494 efficiency and enhanced cold tolerance 88 5 pMON72472 Synechococcus sp. PCC Increased yield, enhanced pMON68399 6301 Delta9 desaturase cold tolerance and enhanced water use efficiency 89 6 pMON72472 Arabidopsis agl11 delta Improved cold tolerance pMON73765 K-box 90 7 pMON72472 rice MADS3 delta Enhanced cold tolerance pMON73829 MADS-box - L37528 91 8 pMON72472 corn MADS box Enhanced nitrogen use pMON73816 protein 110 efficiency and enhance cold tolerance 92 9 pMON72472 Arabidopsis Enhanced cold tolerance pMON75305 homeodomain transcription factor- 93 10 pMON72472 Arabidopsis AP2 Enhanced cold tolerance pMON75306 domain transcription factor 94 11 pMON72472 Arabidopsis GATA Enhanced cold tolerance pMON75309 domain transcription factor 95 12 pMON72472 Arabidopsis AT-hook Enhanced cold tolerance pMON75312 domain transcription factor- 96 13 pMON72472 rice DET1-like - Enhanced nitrogen use pMON80270 BAB16336 efficiency and enhanced cold tolerance 97 14 pMON72472 soybean G482-like 1 Enhanced water use pMON76342 efficiency 98 15 pMON72472 Arabidopsis Enhanced cold tolerance pMON79174 hypothetical protein [NM_114802] 99 16 pMON72472 corn hypothetical Enhanced cold tolerance pMON79413 protein 100 17 pMON72472 soy Pra2-like protein 2 Enhanced nitrogen use pMON75511 efficiency 101 18 pMON72472 Agrobacterium Enhanced cold tolerance pMON75515 cryptochrome-like protein - AE008050 102 19 pMON72472 rice SNF1-like protein Enhanced nitrogen use pMON80542 9 [OsPK4] - AB011967 efficiency, enhanced water use efficiency, increased yield 103 20 pMON72472 corn SNF1-like protein 3 Enhanced water use pMON78949 efficiency and enhanced nitrogen use efficiency 104 21 pMON72472 corn SNF1-like protein 8 Enhanced cold tolerance pMON78936 and enhanced water use efficiency 105 22 pMON72472 Corn Rubisco Activase 2 Increased yield, enhanced pMON75524 cold tolerance and enhanced nitrogen use efficiency 106 23 pMON72472 NLI Interacting Isoform Enhanced cold tolerance pMON79163 T1- and increased yield 107 24 pMON72472 maize synaptobrevin- Enhanced cold tolerance pMON75533 related sequnece 1 - condition and increased yield 108 25 pMON72472 maize magnesium Enhanced nitrogen use pMON79709 transporter mrs2-1-like efficiency and increased 1 sequence yield 109 26 pMON72472 Corn Protein similar to Enhanced water use pMON79422 nodulin MtN3 protein efficiency 110 27 pMON72472 Corn glyoxalase II Enhanced cold tolerance pMON79425 isozyme 111 28 pMON72472 Corn RNA 3- Enhanced cold tolerance pMON79718 TERMINAL PHOSPHATE CYCLASE-LIKE PROTEIN 112 29 pMON72472 rice Di19 like sequence Enhanced cold tolerance pMON79447 113 30 pMON72472 soybean MAP kinase 6 Enhanced cold tolerance pMON78232 like 2 sequence 114 31 pMON72472 Ralstonia metallidurans Enhanced cold tolerance, pMON75980 glutamate and enhanced nitrogen use decarboxylase efficiency 115 32 pMON72472 rice HSF5 like Enhanced water use pMON80489 sequence efficiency 116 33 pMON72472 soybean hsp17.4 like 1 Enhanced cold tolerance pMON79697 sequence and enhanced water use efficiency 117 34 pMON72472 Corn putative Enhanced water use pMON78237 pyrrolidone carboxyl efficiency peptidase 118 35 pMON72472 Arabidopsis E2F Enhanced cold tolerance pMON80461 enhanced nitrogen use efficiency 119 36 pMON72472 Arabidopsis protein Enhanced cold tolerance pMON78235 phosphatase 1A 120 37 pMON72472 Arabidopsis CtpA Enhanced cold tolerance, pMON80452 and enhanced water use efficiency 121 38 pMON74532 Arabidopsis CtpA Increased yield 122 39 pMON72472 Corn protein similar to Enhanced cold tolerance pMON80500 Arabidopsis Probable microsomal signal peptidase 123 40 pMON72472 [Oryza sativa] putative Enhanced nitrogen use pMON80850 aldose reductase efficiency 124 41 pMON72472 Zea Mays Kinase II Increased seed protein pMON78949 (similar to Yeast IKS1 & At MRK1) 125 42 pMON72472 Fructose-1-6- Increased yield pMON81853 bisphosphatase 126 43 pMON72472 soy G1928 like 1 Increased seed protein pMON83769 127 44 pMON74532 Synechocystis sp. 6803 Increased yield pMON78911 Hik19 128 45 pMON72472 Synechocystis sp. 6803 Increased yield Hik19 129 46 pMON72472 Arabidopsis NAC Increased yield pMON73787 domain transcription factor 130 47 pMON72472 yeast alanine Increased yield and pMON77895 aminotransferase 1 - enhanced nitrogen use AAB67593 efficiency 131 48 pMON72472 soybean catalase-like 1 Increased yield pMON79152 132 49 pMON72472 corn ALG-2 interacting Increased yield pMON80921 protein 133 50 pMON72472 Putative Serine Increased yield pMON75505 Carboxypeptidase- 134 51 pMON72472 Putative Ankyrin Like Increased yield pMON80925 Protein- 135 52 pMON72472 Putative Kinase Like Increased yield pMON78942 Protein- 136 53 pMON72472 Putative Protein- Increased yield pMON79164 137 54 pMON72472 yeast YPR145W/asn1 - Increased yield pMON79653 U40829 138 55 pMON72472 rice AtHSP17.6A like 1 Increased yield pMON81228 sequence 139 56 pMON72472 yeast YDL123w Increased yield pMON79430 140 57 pMON72472 rice 12- Increased yield pMON79731 oxophytodienoate reductase like 1 sequence 141 58 pMON72472 soybean MAP kinase 6 Increased yield pMON78229 like 3 sequence 142 59 pMON72472 Arabidopsis GAD1 Increased yield pMON79696 143 60 pMON74532 Arabidopsis GAD1 144 61 pMON72472 soybean hsp17.4 like 4 Increased yield pMON78240 sequence 145 62 pMON72472 maize hsp60 like 4 Increased yield pMON80283 sequence 146 63 pMON72472 soy dsPTP 1 Increased yield pMON80866 147 64 pMON72472 Yeast GLC3 Glycogen Increased yield pMON80292 branching enzyme 148 65 pMON72472 Arabidopsis unknown Increased yield pMON82223 protein 149 66 pMON72472 beta-D-glucosidase Increased yield pMON83553 150 67 pMON72472 unknown protein1 Increased yield pMON81857 151 68 pMON72472 aldehyde oxidase Increased yield pMON82218 152 69 pMON72472 corn hypothetical Improved growth under cold pMON78227 protein stress 153 70 pMON72472 corn hypothetical Improved growth under cold pMON78904 protein stress 154 71 pMON72472 Arabidopsis cysteine Increased yield pMON78920 proteinase inhibitor 155 72 pMON82053 Arabidopsis cysteine Increased yield pMON92646 proteinase inhibitor 156 73 pMON72472 Arabidopsis Improved growth under cold pMON78922 hypothetical protein stress 157 74 pMON72472 yeast SNF1 - A26030 Improved growth under low pMON78948 nitrogen, drought, and/or cold stresses 158 75 pMON72472 soy SNF1-like protein 1 Increased yield pMON79660 159 76 pMON72472 soy SNF-like protein 2 Enhanced nitrogen use pMON78931 efficiency, enhanced water use efficiency, increased yield 160 77 pMON72472 soy G1760 Increased yield and pMON82645 enhanced water use efficiency 160 77 Soy G1760 Increased yield pMON74470 161 78 pMON72472 Rice Glyoxalase II Increased yield pMON79665 162 79 pMON72472 corn OsPK7-like Enhanced nitrogen use pMON82629 efficiency, enhanced water use efficiency, increased yield 163 80 pMON74532 rice phyA with Increased yield pMON81344 Arabidopsis phyC intron 1 164 81 pMON82060 rice G975 like1 Improved growth under cold stress 165 82 Corn Phytochrome A Increased yield pMON74916 166 83 Arabidopsis G1760 Increased yield pMON73957 Selection Methods for Transgenic Plants with Enhanced Agronomic Trait

Within a population of transgenic plants regenerated from plant cells transformed with the recombinant DNA many plants that survive to fertile transgenic plants that produce seeds and progeny plants will not exhibit an enhanced agronomic trait. Selection from the population is necessary to identify one or more transgenic plant cells that can provide plants with the enhanced trait. Transgenic plants having enhanced traits are selected from populations of plants regenerated or derived from plant cells transformed as described herein by evaluating the plants in a variety of assays to detect an enhanced trait, e.g. enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil. These assays also may take many forms including, but not limited to, direct screening for the trait in a greenhouse or field trial or by screening for a surrogate trait. Such analyses can be directed to detecting changes in the chemical composition, biomass, physiological properties, morphology of the plant. Changes in chemical compositions such as nutritional composition of grain can be detected by analysis of the seed composition and content of protein, free amino acids, oil, free fatty acids, starch or tocopherols. Changes in biomass characteristics can be made on greenhouse or field grown plants and can include plant height, stem diameter, root and shoot dry weights; and, for corn plants, ear length and diameter. Changes in physiological properties can be identified by evaluating responses to stress conditions, for example assays using imposed stress conditions such as water deficit, nitrogen deficiency, cold growing conditions, pathogen or insect attack or light deficiency, or increased plant density. Changes in morphology can be measured by visual observation of tendency of a transformed plant with an enhanced agronomic trait to also appear to be a normal plant as compared to changes toward bushy, taller, thicker, narrower leaves, striped leaves, knotted trait, chlorosis, albino, anthocyanin production, or altered tassels, ears or roots. Other selection properties include days to pollen shed, days to silking, leaf extension rate, chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, stand, seedling vigor, internode length, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, tillering, brace roots, stay green, stalk lodging, root lodging, plant health, barreness/prolificacy, green snap, and pest resistance. In addition, phenotypic characteristics of harvested grain may be evaluated, including number of kernels per row on the ear, number of rows of kernels on the ear, kernel abortion, kernel weight, kernel size, kernel density and physical grain quality. Although the plant cells and methods of this invention can be applied to any plant cell, plant, seed or pollen, e.g. any fruit, vegetable, grass, tree or ornamental plant, the various aspects of the invention are preferably applied to corn, soybean, cotton, canola, alfalfa, wheat and rice plants. In many cases the invention is applied to corn plants that are inherently resistant to disease from the Mal de Rio Cuarto virus or the Puccina sorghi fungus or both.

The following examples are included to demonstrate aspects of the invention, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific aspects which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar results without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Plant Expression Constructs

A. Plant Expression Constructs for Corn Transformation

This example illustrates the construction of plasmids for transferring recombinant DNA into plant cells which can be regenerated into transgenic plants of this invention. Primers for PCR amplification of protein coding nucleotides of recombinant DNA were designed at or near the start and stop codons of the coding sequence, in order to eliminate most of the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. Each recombinant DNA coding for a protein identified in Table 1 was amplified by PCR prior to insertion into the insertion site of one of the base vectors as referenced in Table 1.

A base plant transformation vector pMON65154 was fabricated for use in preparing recombinant DNA for transformation into corn tissue using GATEWAY™ Destination plant expression vector systems (available from Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). With reference to the elements described in Table 3 below and SEQ ID NO:10024, pMON65 154 comprises a selectable marker expression cassette and a template recombinant DNA expression cassette. The marker expression cassette comprises a CaMV 35S promoter operably linked to a gene encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) followed by a 3′ region of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase gene (nos). The template recombinant DNA expression cassette is positioned tail to tail with the marker expression cassette. The template recombinant DNA expression cassette comprises 5′ regulatory DNA including a rice actin 1 promoter, exon and intron, followed by a GATEWAY™ insertion site for recombinant DNA, followed by a 3′ region of a potato proteinase inhibitor II (pinII) gene. Once recombinant DNA has been inserted into the insertion site, the plasmid is useful for plant transformation, for example by microprojectile bombardment. TABLE 3 FUNCTION ELEMENT REFERENCE Plant gene of interest Rice actin 1 promoter U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,876 expression cassette Rice actin 1 exon 1, intron 1 U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,876 enhancer Gene of interest AttR1 GATEWAY ™ Cloning Technology insertion site Instruction Manual CmR gene GATEWAY ™ Cloning Technology Instruction Manual ccdA, ccdB genes GATEWAY ™ Cloning Technology Instruction Manual attR2 GATEWAY ™ Cloning Technology Instruction Manual Plant gene of interest Potato pinII 3′ region An et al. (1989) Plant Cell 1: 115-122 expression cassette Plant selectable CaMV 35S promoter U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,742 marker expression nptII selectable marker U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,742 cassette nos 3′ region U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,742 Maintenance in E. coli ColE1 origin of replication F1 origin of replication Bla ampicillin resistance

A similar base vector plasmid pMON72472 (SEQ ID NO: 10025) was constructed for use in Agrobacterium-mediated methods of plant transformation similar to pMON65154 except (a) the 5′ regulatory DNA in the template recombinant DNA expression cassette was a rice actin promoter and a rice actin intron, (b) left and right T-DNA border sequences from Agrobacterium are added with the right border sequence is located 5′ to the rice actin 1 promoter and the left border sequence is located 3′ to the 35S promoter and (c) DNA is added to facilitate replication of the plasmid in both E. coli and Agroacterium tumefaciens. The DNA added to the plasmid outside of the T-DNA border sequences includes an oriV wide host range origin of DNA replication functional in Agrobacterium, a pBR322 origin of replication functional in E. coli, and a spectinomycin/stretptomycin resistance gene for selection in both E. coli and Agrobacterium.

Another base vector pMON82060 (SEQ ID NO: 10026), illustrated in Table 4, was assembled using the technology known in the art. TABLE 4 Coordinates of SEQ ID function name Annotation NO: 10026 Agro B-AGRtu.right border Agro right border sequence, essential for 5235-5591 transformation transfer of T-DNA. Gene of P-Os.Act1 Promoter from the rice actin gene act1. 5609-7009 interest plant L-Os.Act1 Leader (first exon) from the rice actin 1 expression gene. cassette I-Os.Act1 First intron and flanking UTR exon sequences from the rice actin 1 gene T-St.Pis4 The 3′ non-translated region of the 7084-8026 potato proteinase inhibitor II gene which functions to direct polyadenylation of the mRNA Plant P-CaMV.35S CaMV 35S promoter 8075-8398 selectable L-CaMV.35S 5′ UTR from the 35S RNA of CaMV marker CR-Ec.nptII-Tn5 nptII selectable marker that confers 8432-9226 expression resistance to neomycin and kanamycin cassette T-AGRtu.nos A 3′ non-translated region of the 9255-9507 nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid which functions to direct polyadenylation of the mRNA. Agro B-AGRtu.left border Agro left border sequence, essential for  39-480 transformation transfer of T-DNA. Maintenance OR-Ec.oriV-RK2 The vegetative origin of replication from 567-963 in E. coli plasmid RK2. CR-Ec.rop Coding region for repressor of primer 2472-2663 from the ColE1 plasmid. Expression of this gene product interferes with primer binding at the origin of replication, keeping plasmid copy number low. OR-Ec.ori-ColE1 The minimal origin of replication from 3091-3679 the E. coli plasmid ColE1. P-Ec.aadA-SPC/STR promoter for Tn7 adenylyltransferase 4210-4251 (AAD(3″)) CR-Ec.aadA- Coding region for Tn7 4252-5040 SPC/STR adenylyltransferase (AAD(3″)) conferring spectinomycin and streptomycin resistance. T-Ec.aadA-SPC/STR 3′ UTR from the Tn7 adenylyltransferase 5041-5098 (AAD(3″)) gene of E. coli.

TABLE 5 Function Element Reference Agro transformation B-ARGtu.right border Depicker, A. et al (1982) Mol Appl Genet 1: 561-573 Antibiotic resistance CR-Ec.aadA-SPC/STR Repressor of primers from the ColE1 CR-Ec.rop plasmid Origin of replication OR-Ec.oriV-RK2 Agro transformation B-ARGtu.left border Barker, R. F. et al (1983) Plant Mol Biol 2: 335-350 Plant selectable marker expression Promoter with intron and McDowell et al. (1996) cassette 5′UTR of Arabidopsis act 7 Plant Physiol. 111: 699-711. gene (AtAct7) 5′ UTR of Arabidopsis act 7 gene Intron in 5′UTR of AtAct7 Transit peptide region of Klee, H. J. et al (1987) Arabidopsis EPSPS MGG 210: 437-442 Synthetic CP4 coding region with dicot preferred codon usage A 3′ UTR of the nopaline U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,742 synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid Plant gene of interest expression Promoter for 35S RNA from U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,938 cassette CaMV containing a duplication of the −90 to −350 region Gene of interest insertion site Cotton E6 3′ end GenBank accession U30508

Another base vector pMON82053 (SEQ ID NO: 10028), illustrated in Table 6, was assembled using the technology known in the art. TABLE 6 Coordinates of SEQ ID Function Name Annotation NO: 10028 Agro B-AGRtu.left border Agro left border 6144-6585 transforamtion sequence, essential for transfer of T-DNA. Plant P-At.Act7 Promoter from the 6624-7861 selectable arabidopsis actin 7 gene marker L-At.Act7 5′UTR of Arabidopsis expression Act7 gene cassette I-At.Act7 Intron from the Arabidopsis actin7 gene TS-At.ShkG-CTP2 Transit peptide region of 7864-8091 Arabidopsis EPSPS CR-AGRtu.aroA- Synthetic CP4 coding 8092-9459 CP4.nno_At region with dicot preferred codon usage. T-AGRtu.nos A 3′ non-translated region 9466-9718 of the nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid which functions to direct polyadenylation of the mRNA. Gene of P-CaMV.35S-enh Promoter for 35S RNA  1-613 interest from CaMV containing a expression duplication of the −90 to −350 cassette region. T-Gb.E6-3b 3′ untranslated region  688-1002 from the fiber protein E6 gene of sea-island cotton; Agro B-AGRtu.right border Agro right border 1033-1389 transformation sequence, essential for transfer of T-DNA. Maintenance OR-Ec.oriV-RK2 The vegetative origin of 5661-6057 in E. coli replication from plasmid RK2. CR-Ec.rop Coding region for 3961-4152 repressor of primer from the ColE1 plasmid. Expression of this gene product interferes with primer binding at the origin of replication, keeping plasmid copy number low. OR-Ec.ori-ColE1 The minimal origin of 2945-3533 replication from the E. coli plasmid ColE1. P-Ec.aadA-SPC/STR romoter for Tn7 2373-2414 adenylyltransferase (AAD(3″)) CR-Ec.aadA- Coding region for Tn7 1584-2372 SPC/STR adenylyltransferase (AAD(3″)) conferring spectinomycin and streptomycin resistance. T-Ec.aadA-SPC/STR 3′ UTR from the Tn7 1526-1583 adenylyltransferase (AAD(3″)) gene of E. coli.

Protein coding segments of recombinant DNA are amplified by PCR prior to insertion into vectors at the insertion site. Primers for PCR amplification are designed at or near the start and stop codons of the coding sequence, in order to eliminate most of the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions.

EXAMPLE 2 Corn Transformation

This example illustrates plant cell transformation methods useful in producing transgenic corn plant cells, plants, seeds and pollen of this invention and the production and identification of transgenic corn plants and seed with an enhanced trait, i.e. enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil. Plasmid vectors were prepared by cloning DNA identified in Table 1 in the identified base vectors for use in corn transformation of corn plant cells to produce transgenic corn plants and progeny plants, seed and pollen.

For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of corn embryo cells corn plants of a readily transformable line (designated LH59) is grown in the greenhouse and ears harvested when the embryos are 1.5 to 2.0 mm in length. Ears are surface sterilized by spraying or soaking the ears in 80% ethanol, followed by air drying. Immature embryos are isolated from individual kernels on surface sterilized ears. Prior to inoculation of maize cells, Agrobacterium cells are grown overnight at room temperature. Immature maize embryo cells are inoculated with Agrobacterium shortly after excision, and incubated at room temperature with Agrobacterium for 5-20 minutes. Immature embryo plant cells are then co-cultured with Agrobacterium for 1 to 3 days at 23° C. in the dark. Co-cultured embryos are transferred to selection media and cultured for approximately two weeks to allow embryogenic callus to develop. Embryogenic callus is transferred to culture medium containing 100 mg/L paromomycin and subcultured at about two week intervals. Transformed plant cells are recovered 6 to 8 weeks after initiation of selection.

For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize callus immature embryos are cultured for approximately 8-21 days after excision to allow callus to develop. Callus is then incubated for about 30 minutes at room temperature with the Agrobacterium suspension, followed by removal of the liquid by aspiration. The callus and Agrobacterium are co-cultured without selection for 3-6 days followed by selection on paromomycin for approximately 6 weeks, with biweekly transfers to fresh media, and paromomycin resistant callus identified as containing the recombinant DNA in an expression cassette.

For transformation by microprojectile bombardment immature maize embryos are isolated and cultured 3-4 days prior to bombardment. Prior to microprojectile bombardment, a suspension of gold particles is prepared onto which the desired recombinant DNA expression cassettes are precipitated. DNA is introduced into maize cells as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,318 and 6,399,861 using the electric discharge particle acceleration gene delivery device. Following microprojectile bombardment, tissue is cultured in the dark at 27 degrees C. Additional transformation methods and materials for making transgenic plants of this invention, for example, various media and recipient target cells, transformation of immature embryos and subsequence regeneration of fertile transgenic plants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,194,636 and 6,232,526 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/757,089, which are incorporated herein by reference.

To regenerate transgenic corn plants a callus of transgenic plant cells resulting from transformation is placed on media to initiate shoot development in plantlets which are transferred to potting soil for initial growth in a growth chamber at 26 degrees C. followed by a mist bench before transplanting to 5 inch pots where plants are grown to maturity. The regenerated plants are self fertilized and seed is harvested for use in one or more methods to select seed, seedlings or progeny second generation transgenic plants (R2 plants) or hybrids, e.g. by selecting transgenic plants exhibiting an enhanced trait as compared to a control plant.

Transgenic corn plant cells were transformed with recombinant DNA from each of the genes identified in Table 1. Progeny transgenic plants and seed of the transformed plant cells were screened for enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil as reported in Example 5.

EXAMPLE 3 Soybean Transformation

This example illustrates plant transformation useful in producing the transgenic soybean plants of this invention and the production and identification of transgenic seed for transgenic soybean having enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil.

For Agrobacterium mediated transformation, soybean seeds are germinated overnight and the meristem explants excised. The meristems and the explants are placed in a wounding vessel. Soybean explants and induced Agrobacterium cells from a strain containing plasmid DNA with the gene of interest cassette and a plant selectable marker cassette are mixed no later than 14 hours from the time of initiation of seed germination and wounded using sonication. Following wounding, explants are placed in co-culture for 2-5 days at which point they are transferred to selection media for 6-8 weeks to allow selection and growth of transgenic shoots. Trait positive shoots are harvested approximately 6-8 weeks and placed into selective rooting media for 2-3 weeks. Shoots producing roots are transferred to the greenhouse and potted in soil. Shoots that remain healthy on selection, but do not produce roots are transferred to non-selective rooting media for an additional two weeks. Roots from any shoots that produce roots off selection are tested for expression of the plant selectable marker before they are transferred to the greenhouse and potted in soil. Additionally, a DNA construct can be transferred into the genome of a soybean cell by particle bombardment and the cell regenerated into a fertile soybean plant as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580, herein incorporated by reference.

Transgenic soybean plant cells were transformed with recombinant DNA from each of the genes identified in Table 1. Progeny transgenic plants and seed of the transformed plant cells were screened for enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil as reported in Example 5.

EXAMPLE 4 Homolog Identification

This example illustrates the identification of homologs of proteins encoded by the DNA identified in Table 1 which is used to provide transgenic seed and plants having enhanced agronomic traits. From the sequence of the homologs, homologous DNA sequence can be identified for preparing additional transgenic seeds and plants of this invention with enhanced agronomic traits.

An “All Protein Database” was constructed of known protein sequences using a proprietary sequence database and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant amino acid database (nr.aa). For each organism from which a polynucleotide sequence provided herein was obtained, an “Organism Protein Database” was constructed of known protein sequences of the organism; it is a subset of the All Protein Database based on the NCBI taxonomy ID for the organism.

The All Protein Database was queried using amino acid sequences provided herein as SEQ ID NO: 84 through SEQ ID NO: 166 using NCBI “blastp” program with E-value cutoff of 1e-8. Up to 1000 top hits were kept, and separated by organism names. For each organism other than that of the query sequence, a list was kept for hits from the query organism itself with a more significant E-value than the best hit of the organism. The list contains likely duplicated genes of the polynucleotides provided herein, and is referred to as the Core List. Another list was kept for all the hits from each organism, sorted by E-value, and referred to as the Hit List.

The Organism Protein Database was queried using polypeptide sequences provided herein as SEQ ID NO:84 through SEQ ID NO:166 using NCBI “blastp” program with E-value cutoff of 1e-4. Up to 1000 top hits were kept. A BLAST searchable database was constructed based on these hits, and is referred to as “SubDB”. SubDB was queried with each sequence in the Hit List using NCBI “blastp” program with E-value cutoff of 1e-8. The hit with the best E-value was compared with the Core List from the corresponding organism. The hit is deemed a likely ortholog if it belongs to the Core List, otherwise it is deemed not a likely ortholog and there is no further search of sequences in the Hit List for the same organism. Homologs from a large number of distinct organisms were identified and are reported by amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 167 through SEQ ID NO: 10023. These relationship of proteins of SEQ ID NO:84 through 166 and homologs of SEQ ID NO: 167 through 10023 is identified in Table 2. The source organism for each homolog is found in the Sequence Listing. TABLE 2 PEP SEQ ID NO: homolog SEQ ID NOs 84: 4274 4007 7537 1472 2465 1788 1873 8538 2486 2101 2090 3705 513 7264 6280 4902 2624 8820 1614 5907 8247 2717 4147 5559 1631 7278 6566 6687 2116 9018 192 2002 5150 322 6314 6458 6281 1285 7292 4226 4543 2496 9903 1478 554 5383 7751 2484 4954 7695 5821 6271 3339 443 8542 1561 2321 5876 6877 3452 2879 3497 2097 4257 7449 7281 3708 4513 2001 4425 9319 4133 6686 2146 9698 1036 2026 1292 5566 181 6951 9794 2439 2621 5202 878 8081 1392 1950 9999 4392 2121 7824 2367 5102 6717 1541 9444 7051 529 4096 602 8266 85: 1163 3954 9565 5913 8096 1310 3871 3019 2926 1456 2770 4461 2570 5099 7946 3700 9665 1600 7270 7312 6531 9978 8803 8920 4917 6067 6352 6902 2025 2516 4213 9446 8483 5404 2213 4311 3724 9926 9599 3835 727 8396 190 3701 7478 706 4038 7149 5413 1538 8094 9467 7385 7520 7275 3299 3658 86: 2511 2513 7067 7055 5647 9608 9399 4420 9867 4564 2527 7769 2323 347 6509 2052 5258 4504 5363 3847 329 7133 1751 3243 8135 4767 5558 2719 6177 6161 6180 1606 3066 514 7725 4747 2868 3953 3995 9218 8245 1471 1050 4602 9788 5705 1043 87: 7338 2565 1372 619 8819 7803 7216 9263 8478 7286 2051 8010 4629 2569 8521 7659 6081 6080 2727 1944 5731 7616 8198 8166 6312 9586 2010 7801 4694 4265 3928 9925 1675 6099 5725 1040 5933 270 4135 6356 8593 7015 3351 9045 5105 9655 3874 5951 2184 7921 9476 3408 7095 1214 9077 3211 7050 7106 4788 3534 3093 7715 88: 9004 8450 3918 3721 516 8506 8664 3458 6365 2464 1564 4322 7760 3673 7547 2603 8146 1755 7919 4542 436 2278 4913 2453 9651 2319 3659 678 4640 3600 4171 1156 1807 5765 6619 2992 354 8233 2386 9454 9453 8837 1238 6971 7874 6538 8258 1371 1609 3120 3437 8825 7158 5623 1313 7335 6137 3691 8239 415 7580 5147 8818 6282 4612 543 6639 9686 7662 7683 7682 7664 5278 5260 8016 2558 2566 2530 9515 5921 8962 3892 7174 6793 6936 6938 8284 5225 9323 2932 4932 5328 6697 6602 5109 9625 1876 7435 7758 1719 662 6913 4095 5563 4919 8188 6804 360 9790 7742 7745 2584 8776 8004 862 6690 8757 5193 6618 9595 225 4815 5192 1055 4061 4017 9781 9955 8231 1254 5944 4087 8234 319 1180 4631 9258 6546 699 3498 866 588 189 4577 1244 5332 3952 9818 2700 9827 6958 7167 3762 9259 3504 4434 4968 3204 8580 1077 5275 9915 1474 9160 1653 2701 1637 5350 5299 1843 4178 10018 7040 2894 2821 5624 680 9370 7560 4573 2144 6813 6722 3689 6721 3373 8902 6656 8928 8462 1336 9106 6956 220 3196 221 6118 4162 7171 9683 3870 4094 8343 8342 213 904 6335 8822 2482 3806 1766 2692 9038 384 9008 9007 3843 2040 7982 9001 9002 4781 606 4807 4852 5595 1509 1018 8100 8751 6816 9347 8346 89: 9376 7987 7994 8028 8008 9732 7256 7258 6605 6606 7280 3139 9607 7439 6711 9237 9236 6585 1956 1982 1979 7291 7290 1200 8901 7293 7295 7315 7297 7279 6624 6601 6622 6584 6583 6387 7341 9612 264 284 3163 7321 7324 3947 6330 6620 6600 6598 6675 9922 4296 3753 4899 6243 4253 4128 8555 2069 9831 3105 6073 6074 6075 7571 9157 3157 7568 8071 7565 5977 4467 7244 1849 7820 7235 3250 6000 1058 6372 9381 7369 4775 4109 609 9998 9373 6579 6559 6561 206 8729 1166 4317 1863 5710 381 2162 4270 6680 6925 752 2268 4086 394 378 3059 6262 9338 2659 8145 6646 9005 4294 6457 6451 8075 8093 3747 3558 7476 7475 7317 1709 6558 3764 3280 6580 1845 90: 446 4338 4342 9732 4169 7256 7258 7260 6605 6606 7280 9607 3131 3148 6585 4388 3940 177 7243 7291 7290 1200 1231 1207 6265 7295 7293 7315 7297 7279 7792 7788 6624 6601 6622 6583 6584 6891 7253 7277 7262 7272 7271 7324 7321 6598 6620 6600 9922 7623 6675 9831 2069 3105 6073 6075 6074 7571 9157 7107 7110 7108 7109 7244 1849 7235 3250 176 179 3357 1058 6798 5204 9410 1816 5206 6794 1553 6056 6795 6372 9585 9587 7819 383 510 175 2068 2865 2823 450 9643 1555 1636 3418 2608 701 6147 6165 1470 6578 9307 4775 3206 4245 7525 8255 2331 9277 9305 9278 9274 6559 6579 6561 8729 7851 2561 7850 2208 1166 9701 670 6640 8134 5364 3904 6039 1320 6481 5993 3541 207 8345 8326 4696 7508 1266 2160 2162 1270 3958 4250 6887 3932 4270 5104 6680 8202 6925 1088 8251 1466 8249 9677 3579 7756 2119 4273 1011 245 3713 9490 5245 4735 2153 854 4214 5025 6660 5001 4086 4099 4077 7241 7237 3059 6262 2659 820 6646 9005 4294 6457 6451 2869 2767 7746 1732 1738 1734 1740 1617 6714 8105 7317 7318 1709 1731 6558 7716 7971 7968 1210 1248 925 6580 1247 1273 1274 3369 2586 3664 91: 7402 7398 3583 3592 4729 6500 6496 2752 215 7280 3139 3136 7439 7440 7424 9236 9237 3124 3128 3938 177 1956 1982 1979 7291 7290 4868 6436 7355 7315 7297 7279 794 7341 7272 7262 290 304 289 291 288 7324 7321 3947 6330 6661 6658 4296 3753 8555 1943 8457 3157 7565 7568 7088 5977 4467 3998 3185 3181 3152 3155 7534 7516 7244 1847 7442 7468 6000 8494 375 1057 9773 6372 7369 957 2685 3508 3586 3087 8866 5749 1377 2317 723 4586 2111 4703 4413 3687 8541 9052 1793 6037 2164 2626 6824 5207 3238 7618 9974 9973 1815 1813 206 4540 2230 6716 5597 2206 2232 2200 5599 1187 3435 9672 9040 9039 2881 7223 2377 2292 7024 6395 4348 4880 744 8064 5301 8492 8447 4312 4317 8472 1863 7956 6694 8324 7358 381 5710 3028 2182 7020 3016 531 5699 9003 7798 7421 2299 787 1905 3641 1934 1893 1889 7496 5036 7100 3584 3055 2018 2043 2042 7345 1084 1086 8473 8350 4908 4934 8469 8477 8098 8215 6937 8496 4319 8499 8500 1741 5722 1844 1930 2265 2272 605 4099 4086 5667 7379 7378 6262 9338 4236 9976 9969 9972 819 9011 9012 4937 4956 2236 6461 5469 8073 6550 3501 2047 2133 7747 6304 1321 7230 5154 5153 7376 7373 7476 7490 6862 7512 7475 7562 7538 7536 7559 212 200 2238 3159 8122 1753 435 442 2337 3280 3274 8476 5502 6810 2934 4335 3380 8421 1125 1368 92: 4117 4611 3810 2575 6435 3730 689 8501 7519 5065 7840 1174 8079 3550 8678 8411 9895 1790 4481 2401 2373 1224 93: 3314 5148 1284 2180 7766 9728 8528 6328 7621 9726 1134 7569 7567 5040 7727 8537 7497 8041 1784 8956 8953 3029 5087 7642 2764 1736 6023 8126 164 8296 4997 6279 3822 9989 6339 5750 4196 2427 7030 8232 2440 5671 7115 6494 3608 94: 370 4530 5496 2209 8764 5878 2102 3133 4500 95: 7835 7905 4016 3657 6757 2948 2947 3710 3091 4869 8309 6256 3302 1832 7091 9509 2972 4439 667 3396 7147 96: 7080 6259 8950 8331 6582 1510 8054 801 3389 4111 2614 4255 5795 2476 10023 6565 3866 1300 6088 7775 6346 9576 8029 6701 1803 4281 816 2806 396 2594 3089 97: 6736 292 4996 5983 8898 6886 8845 1312 9032 1586 9964 9971 6476 455 357 6653 3756 4574 3311 920 3295 3443 9601 6906 5214 5215 5216 5217 7960 7945 7009 8847 4936 6359 5296 6571 2233 3288 8736 5420 4531 9662 4891 7545 7948 7980 2201 9853 8153 4861 8591 1746 7233 8693 3252 8690 709 5069 9505 98: 9658 9420 3779 6609 3006 2471 3567 4983 434 3565 10008 8348 5728 8033 8302 5426 8854 6705 4160 4243 9780 9744 8244 4469 317 152 522 6171 3571 3894 8512 2442 9642 6255 3980 3725 99: 9060 9635 3511 3575 1890 1852 7041 4217 2648 156 2833 8456 7232 8503 5709 8742 6107 9824 9121 1142 886 9105 8210 2910 100: 9526 1911 5622 9279 2726 1935 4608 7672 9536 4429 260 4235 356 5588 4995 2426 5771 4203 1942 6086 3697 2322 9359 1534 9550 1034 8012 7732 7017 1448 101: 4840 6812 777 7939 1059 6995 5721 4881 5741 9047 566 3050 8123 2590 8060 4040 6354 2078 2081 3304 2079 3305 2734 1841 9901 9621 1060 6385 3676 2300 1773 9674 4263 7267 9920 7962 1042 6416 8813 2382 4599 5670 3931 4207 2985 400 5678 2687 7693 5971 2534 4262 9246 1286 9506 3796 9450 271 6880 5182 6830 3290 2631 572 3716 9890 9594 9073 7979 8835 7060 503 4838 6333 2562 8179 3698 4825 8783 2604 673 2632 5822 3084 9095 9913 3912 9850 7102 7121 4583 5132 3859 3618 4979 1024 4655 9239 1027 3466 8177 1137 6704 1902 3898 6320 3990 8921 9789 7780 1867 720 7797 8984 8792 6677 2787 6486 4974 7096 6414 1120 4261 4688 9633 7118 1304 7906 4639 8137 6317 6512 5194 7524 3719 8879 5892 6719 10015 2432 5524 5347 4620 7838 2349 3742 3336 8156 4407 751 9048 1574 8745 9064 5982 3677 3335 8828 2296 6016 2954 2083 7531 750 6967 8907 4754 7306 9325 8831 8687 6604 8124 953 5357 6150 4106 7305 448 7370 2848 4299 6468 9430 4333 9395 6953 5311 6493 5514 1883 2876 4693 645 4187 4174 955 2372 7506 9290 4134 4176 2986 9835 4353 3004 4350 4916 2653 9517 5416 2953 2619 8038 8443 5903 8092 4082 5327 1767 1761 1781 1763 9578 9787 3277 4719 7767 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4976 3166 5924 4603 3955 2015 1997 4708 8402 7880 3273 905 7113 6305 683 8306 839 272 8308 7888 4510 9798 2895 2832 2996 9727 6188 250 228 9569 6665 2669 3905 3967 3983 7320 7999 8000 6004 5158 6444 5159 2911 2908 4616 5890 9068 2210 3841 8458 3611 517 3630 3617 3634 9484 3248 2410 9577 3637 3616 3612 296 6502 232 3745 6421 7737 1535 1728 4293 6636 4642 2481 295 8618 7665 5500 6092 6417 9793 1756 1107 8880 7849 4355 2551 6728 6727 6725 5717 1618 6869 1735 2189 8582 431 6104 2137 4753 300 7068 4364 5925 7582 5337 8409 3270 7438 2020 5293 6300 6132 6898 6348 6344 6915 6364 6988 6944 6962 6402 6389 6896 6935 6431 6895 7039 6164 6960 6933 7037 6424 6363 7012 2698 7035 7054 7062 2625 8662 8725 2242 8550 2240 2235 8721 2622 2306 8620 8694 8718 2211 2185 2181 1669 2328 2288 8665 8698 8544 8691 2186 2307 2302 6323 2283 2261 8612 2269 2329 8588 8614 2303 8572 8592 2273 8668 2375 8563 8619 8566 2266 7707 7198 2415 8663 7016 7651 8590 7653 2413 2352 8644 7010 2981 6940 7029 6908 6370 6303 2330 2408 2350 6406 6964 6758 8583 6307 6899 7586 6942 5539 5516 5556 5542 5472 5535 8947 5497 7057 6987 7008 7617 7553 7032 6985 541 6058 6084 8637 6965 9469 7236 6698 1730 9006 3880 5551 1508 6825 595 3061 3766 1241 4738 3338 9162 2738 2754 2792 2755 8261 9240 8014 3333 3160 2615 6154 7902 1851 1638 6482 5095 2179 4637 7811 7808 9636 7191 7650 2537 5006 148: 9807 9021 3422 2554 9217 1648 8121 7920 3711 4189 445 8186 9777 5773 5629 8481 7331 9861 358 5468 2202 5988 3247 6055 4619 474 4670 149: 5381 9028 2279 884 4610 8904 4254 5875 6779 4755 8911 5791 5808 8596 5957 6105 7423 9570 6777 3703 6770 9316 9694 6778 1800 3633 2725 1518 2728 8293 197 7515 6222 817 5934 3432 4228 497 9852 9532 9797 2585 9286 4549 2707 6026 7816 7886 9885 8531 7941 6505 5939 8407 7918 9261 5926 4508 5980 2753 4600 6329 4072 482 3320 1189 6715 6733 4651 4185 6207 4328 4305 7347 7753 3966 7961 4768 6708 6614 809 8319 8165 1612 4463 2522 6308 9784 3982 7865 1315 9193 4380 5448 9717 1962 2714 2820 3593 6916 5746 1143 6972 8371 5751 5306 1696 6855 1022 2422 8196 6854 1087 7228 4448 5899 2617 2888 8141 229 2851 1359 6649 7079 9751 9877 8961 8311 6617 556 1951 3744 1307 9445 6692 2039 188 4412 6543 2640 4522 1318 8539 8579 5589 6447 3908 5896 6572 9171 7178 9244 1271 9817 9266 7196 7122 7937 2744 9623 3164 1855 3222 5747 3731 8388 631 1245 4663 3199 8554 9111 2314 2031 6332 1664 1672 8062 9272 4562 1229 1443 850 5294 1908 2034 3937 1627 9459 2172 3699 2324 2220 9564 1596 6052 7728 3284 4062 4060 4351 3833 3795 5442 5446 8168 9551 2627 9679 6542 2567 8609 9122 6380 7657 3272 8965 4079 5096 9540 5633 4911 5173 3094 1532 1748 2145 6278 3256 4148 7431 3922 3919 5419 5331 5059 1467 921 7229 4285 2140 2571 573 994 3993 6950 1469 3500 2877 5376 7404 6849 8018 5094 1374 4042 4962 1459 1463 4601 9948 610 4064 379 2475 2960 6166 8246 7298 5379 9417 7830 9137 5938 5923 4827 5937 4780 9811 7357 5234 8731 7904 258 4100 7487 233 1079 8789 8798 607 2673 2477 9419 3588 2672 6167 6245 7975 5342 5322 1030 9660 917 2188 3645 2878 3625 6803 653 4021 2136 6522 2665 1990 6623 452 5945 9639 1516 7426 8934 6867 5941 339 1901 2174 1572 6009 586 150: 6947 9930 8552 4707 600 458 9423 3655 2834 5726 3667 9648 650 9611 5396 7913 8923 5649 3615 4630 7483 9614 7700 1010 1924 6440 9247 7839 4961 6973 7163 7602 4129 574 3851 6285 618 5577 8277 151: 2606 2063 2060 496 3946 10020 7076 2024 5495 6475 9700 152: 9658 9420 3779 6609 3006 2471 3567 4983 98 979 3486 5549 3725 6098 7872 2112 434 3565 10008 5728 8348 8033 5426 8854 9642 6255 3980 153: 9658 9420 3779 6609 3006 2471 3567 4983 3486 98 979 5549 434 3565 10008 8348 5728 8302 8033 6705 8244 9642 6255 154: 9424 4676 2340 5445 8252 8604 8158 6499 3027 1765 10009 2963 4716 5352 5351 5277 6850 7155 4678 8208 8329 6993 2100 9833 2421 9791 7936 7900 9072 9799 4367 6826 6514 4091 4090 2751 4093 3033 9312 9554 6607 4421 1703 4418 1817 7022 4357 4059 9296 9910 3071 2940 1860 7771 402 2073 9498 928 1909 9653 9497 2696 8498 3036 2414 4777 3899 6192 9909 3770 4485 2467 2419 9451 2712 837 8434 2138 6351 9108 4836 5481 2124 2418 6981 7274 5184 5081 1671 9295 3599 1020 4224 5554 5572 5570 6391 3961 155: 9424 4676 2340 5445 8252 8604 8158 6499 3027 1765 6510 3427 10009 2963 4716 5352 5351 5277 6850 7155 4678 8208 8329 6993 2100 9833 6994 9657 6996 9854 3668 8199 5365 7802 9029 2421 9791 7936 7900 9072 9799 4367 6826 6514 4091 4090 2751 4093 3033 9312 9554 6607 4421 1703 4418 1817 7022 4357 4059 9296 9910 3071 2940 1860 2684 782 9276 7425 9991 2492 1884 2794 8529 5265 8007 7771 402 3842 2073 9498 928 1909 9653 9497 2696 8498 3036 2414 4777 3899 6192 9909 3770 4485 2467 2419 9451 2712 837 8434 2138 6351 9108 4836 5481 2124 2418 6981 7274 5184 5081 1714 3228 2139 6846 7947 2977 5641 1671 9295 3599 1020 4224 5554 5572 5570 6391 3961 156: 9060 9635 3511 1890 1852 7041 8456 8503 5709 7232 9824 9121 1142 9105 3524 886 99 2910 9802 8893 9050 6116 8210 2648 157: 4624 1430 1961 1964 9456 5156 5394 7397 8169 7589 3279 4306 7970 5051 6353 5373 7529 7189 7177 9720 9724 9737 8325 9743 8310 9762 5483 4841 9547 456 7027 4073 865 3681 4125 2487 9754 9715 5852 7311 8287 9858 4556 4386 5237 4843 8283 6968 3988 5146 2030 3167 10021 7754 401 6336 1019 9986 7351 9843 1519 5919 6463 2568 4326 3251 7257 411 8280 2612 4172 677 5236 6337 6941 1939 1846 3268 5264 2126 2850 1413 2595 4865 5338 8606 8629 3585 9954 2395 3255 1592 8504 2091 3454 8148 2103 6516 7601 9113 5955 8362 7498 6681 8435 682 1616 4872 3003 3881 9673 5402 10002 9368 1367 5310 4499 5630 4811 486 6466 4114 6893 1167 504 159 7344 2897 9561 6709 3828 8373 5779 5405 8890 3368 7467 1794 5605 3202 7077 3414 8605 8267 8441 6977 6210 3177 3674 9141 1069 1345 8623 3926 7892 5387 663 1904 869 6784 3039 6783 5341 9603 7943 1496 1495 8633 7703 6564 8195 4295 754 7579 7687 9829 1122 3935 9341 8268 4211 3564 2805 8263 792 1124 756 2716 7333 7222 2014 2356 3127 3653 7950 4153 8867 6429 9457 6434 8734 6905 2165 4571 2072 6064 4650 5252 3798 3915 1666 7185 7706 3720 883 3254 4920 8452 5962 7186 1091 8162 8228 843 9140 2345 3987 7200 2814 6078 9492 3816 4354 6881 7705 1724 2597 102 4828 238 552 5676 1642 4417 5646 3678 6325 4282 2664 3035 9503 7204 6422 6586 1652 3175 8323 2399 2394 5427 4430 6378 8097 2704 4444 9173 9557 8568 6575 1240 268 5166 550 2093 5835 8235 3242 9062 7503 1242 6669 202 4252 3942 1837 5772 7013 3949 2387 1872 4132 239 6362 3853 5399 5290 361 1690 6817 1339 1096 1489 224 351 1620 7863 9449 6123 8366 6051 2183 1721 9238 2680 3626 3344 1116 2750 6932 7588 7744 103 3267 5492 104 9588 6655 8671 8426 5594 1218 7709 9637 2882 3986 162 8940 7045 1364 3112 2088 6478 9289 3965 1117 5979 9329 2311 956 6806 9680 5660 8285 1398 5343 6127 7466 4784 3032 5850 5920 9197 3649 8744 8970 8852 1984 5669 7829 6594 8237 1348 5789 371 9957 3281 2933 6102 9219 4400 6788 4414 158: 2959 3815 4004 3362 3533 6295 3034 6178 1228 1025 5085 159: 4624 1430 1961 1964 9456 5156 999 3374 6267 1053 4084 9627 5394 6413 7397 8169 9718 6610 7876 4383 1098 1556 783 6842 7112 9675 3279 6197 9663 4306 7970 4596 7356 1390 5051 7566 5754 6353 2721 2365 7177 7189 4841 9547 3255 2850 8504 1846 9224 7752 6742 3039 8268 3564 4153 6429 9457 102 4828 7200 4354 6881 8323 5427 6669 4252 162 8940 1117 5660 956 7829 5669 6594 4893 5253 9367 5124 9369 5546 157 2141 205 2249 7148 8237 1348 5789 9493 371 9957 3281 2933 6102 9219 4400 6788 9027 8373 160: 7398 4338 6484 6449 9732 6500 6496 6480 6477 4169 7260 6605 6606 7280 8487 9607 7439 9236 9237 3131 6585 177 7291 7290 4868 7293 7295 7297 7315 7279 8159 6601 6624 6622 6584 6583 6388 6387 7341 6891 7253 7321 7324 3947 4452 6330 6620 6598 6600 3753 4899 6243 9355 3157 7108 7107 5977 4467 3998 3181 3185 3152 3155 7534 1849 7442 7235 3250 8494 176 3357 7369 8673 9585 9587 8866 6046 9103 4775 9951 9949 9943 9947 6579 6559 6561 6574 1261 8729 1166 9701 8492 8447 8472 4317 1863 7956 8326 3400 1267 4696 7761 1266 1270 5036 7100 6366 6519 6371 3055 3488 6680 1088 8473 8469 3126 8098 5813 8496 4319 8499 8500 1717 1741 4313 9009 854 6660 5001 4099 4086 4077 7241 8185 3059 3060 8187 2158 8207 5667 8147 7379 6262 9338 8145 820 6646 9005 2236 5469 8075 8093 3501 7746 1321 6007 3747 1915 5153 7373 3558 7476 212 200 2238 1617 6714 8105 7317 7318 6558 7716 3764 7971 7968 3275 6580 8476 3023 161: 7166 6423 5969 7138 7828 3577 489 5529 6737 9681 6534 1722 8881 8779 4557 8810 4325 7209 9670 5063 2588 3570 2468 3921 9958 9301 5466 911 3869 3523 1591 9783 2404 237 7123 6479 10012 1898 2921 1361 341 8532 2199 6079 2205 4823 6562 3582 4198 5437 2988 1673 7066 5126 9091 6045 745 4216 7254 5161 4887 977 5407 564 9761 790 1009 3944 8437 608 1196 5222 966 8036 1477 2535 9234 4824 5288 2506 5853 2880 1778 3225 6765 919 4375 8702 3209 4812 1562 833 5353 1322 3733 5817 6945 3053 7049 900 4591 5238 5868 4483 786 3201 1588 7489 5700 2914 5503 2660 2500 6191 2902 2582 8948 8351 185 2766 6841 9436 9478 4685 9940 658 4443 1344 8414 1785 1349 8856 417 5680 984 3107 1447 4089 3425 2643 3781 3118 4548 7197 5541 6047 4613 7933 2239 7734 4497 9378 4202 881 8999 7549 2390 7637 795 6418 6577 5266 3253 5855 6759 5325 7607 3119 859 2333 3220 1382 4560 4268 240 5654 3739 8059 4397 806 686 8170 301 2748 9480 4529 838 9166 769 1265 1112 8997 2099 1408 1829 3560 8685 3440 4648 6234 8422 642 3978 3217 755 1239 3790 2682 1051 5269 8390 6253 6076 676 6647 1805 8971 7955 788 9502 2675 9610 2898 569 3240 110 7810 487 9253 6155 3722 2713 9746 5523 8080 6768 5103 4879 6805 9475 7593 364 7966 1217 1068 592 5777 568 2301 3933 1747 162: 4624 9456 5156 999 3374 1053 4084 9627 5394 6413 2639 7397 8169 6610 9718 4383 1556 1098 783 6842 7112 9675 3279 6197 4306 7970 4596 7356 5051 7566 5754 6353 2721 2365 7177 7189 9724 9547 456 3255 7752 3039 6783 8268 3564 4153 6429 9457 102 4828 7200 6881 4354 8323 4252 6669 202 7829 5669 5253 9367 4893 6594 157 2141 205 2249 7148 1348 5789 9493 371 9957 3281 2933 6102 9219 4400 6788 1117 5660 956 163: 3151 8646 4019 4005 282 299 4018 4831 2576 4850 3134 9124 9125 9174 9175 9209 9210 9127 9128 9134 7493 2483 4101 9518 9521 907 7896 937 1505 8471 8474 8465 5165 5181 5180 7708 7710 5235 5233 4103 8785 8786 8790 8788 8723 8703 8733 8735 8748 3085 8752 8765 8763 8770 8784 1378 1402 8799 8800 8805 8802 8824 8821 8826 9314 9317 9320 9322 9318 9345 9344 9352 9354 9384 9400 9358 9356 9374 9380 9377 9382 9406 9408 9421 9425 9422 9427 9439 9440 9442 9447 9443 9461 9466 9463 9485 9468 9487 9488 9489 9495 9511 9963 9965 9970 9990 9968 9966 9996 10001 9997 8766 8768 8647 8651 8652 8667 8699 1432 1504 1455 1502 805 7528 5864 5866 2489 9147 9148 281 9206 9208 9225 9227 2563 9229 9230 715 2008 2011 1387 1389 9100 9101 9130 9131 7770 7787 9150 9151 4834 9179 9180 4837 3153 2065 2067 2086 2087 4460 3913 3911 3103 1391 1395 2491 1928 1926 1973 4008 4003 8746 8743 8833 8829 9993 1940 1963 1992 2006 1932 1938 5044 933 939 7558 4219 808 908 811 813 7526 7481 828 4221 826 814 931 829 910 851 832 7505 853 835 7429 7486 7391 7388 7364 7527 7417 7433 7465 964 875 7363 874 876 7361 7360 909 4223 7457 7462 879 7459 4206 7482 4733 7464 7507 7557 889 7392 935 7504 7393 7532 7488 4205 7554 7437 7533 960 7415 894 892 897 5532 959 890 7552 4942 3959 3972 3957 3991 3971 5758 5070 2448 2449 2452 2466 2493 2495 2497 2560 7368 7501 7556 4726 4728 1966 9177 1397 2514 2538 711 958 1035 7575 7434 855 871 7484 857 860 962 7502 7420 7416 5068 4938 1433 7986 8001 1480 8005 1501 1528 1373 3095 4225 4730 7396 1277 1279 947 7932 7935 2285 2287 4374 4910 4927 4929 4931 4933 4935 9181 9182 1485 6986 3088 1522 1338 1356 1353 1427 1426 1487 1525 1351 1399 1521 1524 1507 1488 2472 1358 1376 1401 1464 3104 4949 4950 4955 4957 4960 4988 4989 4993 4998 4999 5022 5023 5024 5028 5031 5486 5488 5489 5490 5494 5507 5510 5513 5515 5511 5527 3101 7954 7958 7957 7899 7903 4372 4385 7928 7959 7976 7951 7981 7984 8019 8006 8025 8020 4368 4366 4343 4363 4382 7894 8026 4334 4332 4822 8003 7923 7983 4336 3180 3158 3129 2245 3086 3137 2290 3183 3186 3188 8700 8701 2393 2368 3117 4739 4972 4763 4766 4772 4806 2241 2289 2305 2270 2264 2267 2284 2212 2237 6357 4975 4756 9294 8327 5259 5256 5867 4794 8493 8497 1931 3144 3142 3121 1113 5209 7676 7658 7675 3548 3551 4329 8490 9196 9198 4848 9152 9155 9145 9144 9135 9136 9204 8385 2228 2226 2231 2234 3552 3553 1589 7721 9640 2515 2518 277 3910 3018 6615 3355 6975 6980 6976 7713 7000 3517 4790 4802 4830 3405 2451 4011 4833 5828 4712 4805 4771 4746 5318 4713 4793 4835 5319 5317 4742 4764 1421 1424 9606 6625 1969 1971 1434 8672 8669 3130 2013 2029 9516 8726 8730 9336 9339 9337 4829 6934 1743 5745 1958 7869 6426 1986 1987 7340 5037 4785 4789 912 3876 3873 3891 3102 8807 8626 8642 3132 4854 9232 9233 9202 9132 1418 1419 9199 9200 9184 1628 1172 1175 1177 9360 4765 5061 671 657 669 655 5314 5067 8113 8117 978 8270 165 7255 8809 298 1989 1991 4796 4808 6244 6488 6490 6503 4743 3312 6822 4067 5279 9156 9158 5205 3147 3168 3172 4856 3156 1548 1798 1546 208 8944 8933 8949 8276 8279 8281 8203 8204 6005 8253 8992 8995 8996 8972 8991 9519 8197 5917 5978 8223 5984 5936 8316 5956 5958 8226 8229 8300 9098 9099 9560 9580 9579 9582 9583 8919 7418 7794 1587 1579 7692 5273 1593 5261 4710 4279 1547 6497 3895 3893 3907 3081 4195 5210 4758 4197 8832 8916 8851 8857 8894 8892 8871 8865 8849 8872 8889 8874 8927 8932 8930 8895 8909 4770 7681 7691 5226 5213 5157 5160 1375 1400 1458 1462 1482 2037 2041 9172 5321 1396 1415 4714 4741 4966 4970 5000 5002 4745 5003 4760 4762 5005 4769 4798 5064 1379 1352 1341 1453 3929 3925 3080 8750 7430 9401 9403 2007 2062 2059 2064 4857 8675 8677 4940 4965 4973 5004 5039 5041 5045 705 707 691 693 692 2033 2035 4740 4709 4749 4748 4803 5312 5313 5315 1745 9855 6821 164: 6237 6238 7766 2180 5501 6061 617 1996 7115 6328 7621 9726 1897 1879 6204 5480 6298 8537 6412 5959 1784 7642 8015 1736 9952 8126 432 3822 4362 5750 5671 7677 165: 3151 1577 8646 4019 4005 282 299 4018 4831 2576 4850 3134 9124 9125 9174 9175 9209 9210 9127 9128 9134 7493 2483 9518 9521 907 7896 937 1505 2252 2804 2782 2779 2822 2224 2251 2149 2256 2846 2781 2257 2255 2855 2852 2797 2785 2221 2802 2873 2849 2786 2819 2795 2799 2148 2198 2192 2168 2225 2218 2197 2867 2864 2825 2196 2193 2171 2169 2830 2219 2173 2166 2853 2827 2889 2871 2874 8471 8474 8465 5165 5181 5180 7708 7710 5235 5233 4103 8785 8786 8790 8788 8723 8703 8733 8735 8748 3085 8752 8765 8763 8770 8784 1378 1402 8799 8800 8805 8802 8824 8821 8826 9314 9317 9320 9322 9318 9345 9344 9352 9354 9384 9400 9358 9356 9374 9380 9377 9382 9406 9408 9421 9425 9422 9427 9439 9440 9442 9447 9443 9461 9466 9463 9485 9468 9487 9488 9489 9495 9511 9963 9965 9970 9990 9968 9966 9996 10001 9997 8766 8768 8647 8651 8652 8667 8699 1432 1504 1455 1502 805 7528 5864 5866 2489 9147 9148 281 3195 2773 9206 9208 9225 9227 2563 9229 9230 715 2008 2011 1387 1389 9100 9101 9130 9131 7770 7787 9150 9151 4834 9179 9180 4837 3153 2065 2067 2086 2087 4460 3913 3911 3103 1391 1395 2491 1928 1926 1973 4008 4003 8746 8743 8833 8829 9993 1940 1963 1992 2006 1932 1938 5044 933 939 7558 4219 808 908 811 813 7526 7481 828 4221 826 814 931 829 910 851 832 7505 853 835 7429 7486 7391 7388 7364 7527 7417 7433 7465 964 875 7363 874 876 7361 7360 909 4223 7457 7462 879 7459 4206 7482 4733 7464 7507 7557 889 7392 935 7504 7393 7532 7488 4205 7554 7437 7533 960 7415 894 892 897 5532 959 890 7552 4942 3959 3972 3957 3991 3971 5758 5070 2448 2449 2452 2466 2493 2495 2497 2560 7368 7501 7556 4726 4728 1966 9177 1397 2514 2538 711 958 1035 7575 7434 855 871 7484 860 857 962 7502 7420 7416 5068 4938 1433 7986 8001 1480 8005 1501 1528 1373 3095 4225 4730 7396 1277 1279 947 7932 7935 2285 2287 4374 4910 4927 4929 4931 4933 4935 9181 9182 1485 6986 976 3088 1522 1338 1356 1353 1427 1426 1487 1525 1351 1399 1521 1524 1507 1488 2472 1358 1376 1401 1464 3104 4949 4950 4955 4957 4960 4988 4989 4993 4998 4999 5022 5023 5024 5028 5031 5486 5488 5489 5490 5494 5507 5510 5513 5515 5511 5527 3101 7954 7958 7957 7899 7903 4372 4385 7928 7959 7976 7951 7981 7984 8019 8006 8025 8020 4368 4366 4343 4363 4382 7894 8026 4334 4332 4822 7117 8003 7923 7983 4336 3180 3158 3129 2245 3086 3137 2290 3183 3186 3188 8700 8701 2393 2368 3117 4739 4972 4763 4766 4772 4806 2241 2289 2305 2270 2264 2267 2284 2212 2237 6357 4975 4756 9294 8327 5259 5256 5867 4794 8493 8497 3144 3142 1113 7676 7658 7675 3548 3551 4329 8490 9196 9198 4848 9152 9155 9145 9144 9135 9136 9204 8385 2226 2228 2231 2234 3552 3553 7721 9640 2515 2518 277 3910 3018 6615 3355 6975 6980 6976 7713 7000 3517 4790 4802 4830 3405 2451 4011 4833 5828 4712 4805 4771 4746 5318 4713 4793 4835 5319 5317 4742 4764 1421 1424 9606 6625 1969 1971 1434 8672 8669 3130 2013 2029 9516 8726 8730 9336 9339 9337 6631 4829 6934 1743 5745 1958 7869 6426 1986 1987 7340 5037 4785 4789 912 3876 3873 3891 3102 8807 8626 8642 3132 4854 9232 9233 9202 9132 1418 1419 9199 9200 9184 1628 1172 1175 1177 9360 4765 9855 163 5084 6821 5061 671 657 669 655 5314 5067 8113 8117 298 1989 1991 4796 4808 6244 6488 6490 6503 4743 3312 6822 4067 5279 9156 9158 5205 3147 3168 4856 3156 1548 1798 1546 208 8944 8933 8949 8276 8279 8281 8203 6005 8253 8992 8995 8996 8972 8991 9519 8197 5917 5978 8223 5984 5936 8316 5956 5958 8226 8229 8300 9098 9099 9560 9563 9580 9579 9582 9583 8919 7418 7794 1587 1579 7692 5273 1593 5261 4710 4279 1547 3895 3893 3907 3081 4195 5210 4758 4197 4727 8832 8916 8851 8857 8894 8892 8871 8865 8849 8872 8889 8874 8927 8932 8930 8895 8909 4770 1062 7681 7691 5213 5226 5157 5160 1375 1400 1458 1462 1482 2037 2041 9172 5321 1396 1415 4714 4741 4966 4970 5000 5002 4745 5003 4760 4762 5005 4769 4798 5064 7114 1379 1352 1341 1453 3929 3925 3080 8750 7430 9401 9403 2007 2059 2062 2064 4857 8675 8677 4940 4965 4973 5004 5039 5041 5045 705 707 691 693 692 2033 2035 4740 4709 4749 4748 4803 5312 5313 5315 1745 8270 166: 7398 6484 6449 4729 6500 6496 6480 6477 4169 7256 7258 2351 6605 6606 7280 9607 7439 9571 9415 6711 9236 9237 6585 177 1949 7291 7290 4868 6438 6265 7293 7295 7297 7315 7279 7792 7788 8159 6601 6622 6624 6584 6583 6388 7341 7253 7277 7321 7324 3947 6620 6598 6600 4296 3753 4899 6243 4253 4128 9355 8071 7568 7534 7244 7442 7468 7820 7235 3250 8494 176 6372 7369 4428 8866 4775 7525 8255 5421 9967 6579 6559 6561 2768 1166 9701 4083 9703 8447 4312 8472 4317 1863 7956 3400 757 3642 5036 7100 3055 3488 6680 4587 8473 8469 3126 8477 8098 5813 9879 2965 9740 5142 8499 4319 8500 1717 8410 2883 1410 641 854 6660 5001 4099 4086 7241 4077 7237 8777 3059 8185 5491 3060 5667 7379 6262 9338 4236 6646 2236 8075 8093 8076 2767 7746 7749 1321 6007 7724 7373 7376 3558 7476 1732 1734 1740 1738 212 200 6714 7317 7318 1689 1709 6558 7716 3764 435 7971 7968 6580 8476 5457 1346

EXAMPLE 5 Selection of Transgenic Plants with Enhanced Agronomic Trait(s)

This example illustrates identification of plant cells of the invention by screening derived plants and seeds for enhanced trait. Transgenic corn seed and plants with recombinant DNA identified in Table 1 were prepared by plant cells transformed with DNA that was stably integrated into the genome of the corn cell. The transgenic seed, plantlets and progeny plants were selected using the methods that measure Transgenic corn plant cells were transformed with recombinant DNA from each of the genes identified in Table 1. Progeny transgenic plants and seed of the transformed plant cells were screened for enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil as compared to control plants.

A. Selection for Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency

The physiological efficacy of transgenic corn plants (tested as hybrids) can be tested for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits in a high-throughput nitrogen (N) selection method. The collected data are compared to the measurements from wildtype controls using a statistical model to determine if the changes are due to the transgene. Raw data were analyzed by SAS software. Results shown herein are the comparison of transgenic plants relative to the wildtype controls.

(1) Media Preparation for Planting a NUE Protocol

Planting materials used: Metro Mix 200 (vendor: Hummert) Cat. #10-0325, Scotts Micro Max Nutrients (vendor: Hummert) Cat. #07-6330, OS 4⅓″×3⅞″ pots (vendor: Hummert) Cat. #16-1415, OS trays (vendor: Hummert) Cat. #16-1515, Hoagland's macronutrients solution, Plastic 5″ stakes (vendor: Hummert) yellow Cat. #49-1569, white Cat. #49-1505, Labels with numbers indicating material contained in pots. Fill 500 pots to rim with Metro Mix 200 to a weight of ˜140g/pot. Pots are filled uniformly by using a balancer. Add 0.4 g of Micro Max nutrients to each pot. Stir ingredients with spatula to a depth of 3 inches while preventing material loss.

(2) Planting a NUE Selection in the Greenhouse

(a) Seed Germination—Each pot is lightly atered twice using reverse osmosis purified water. The first watering is scheduled to occur just before planting; and the second watering, after the seed has been planted in the pot. Ten Seeds of each entry (1 seed per pot) are planted to select eight healthy uniform seedlings. Additional wild type controls are planted for use as border rows. Alternatively, 15 seeds of each entry (1 seed per pot) are planted to select 12 healthy uniform seedlings (this larger number of plantings is used for the second, or confirmation, planting). Place pots on each of the 12 shelves in the Conviron growth chamber for seven days. This is done to allow more uniform germination and early seedling growth. The following growth chamber settings are 25° C./day and 22° C./night, 14 hours light and ten hours dark, humidity ˜80%, and light intensity ˜350 μmol/m²/s (at pot level). Watering is done via capillary matting similar to greenhouse benches with duration of ten minutes three times a day.

(b) Seedling transfer—After seven days, the best eight or 12 seedlings for the first or confirmation pass runs, respectively, are chosen and transferred to greenhouse benches. The pots are spaced eight inches apart (center to center) and are positioned on the benches using the spacing patterns printed on the capillary matting. The Vattex matting creates a 384-position grid, randomizing all range, row combinations. Additional pots of controls are placed along the outside of the experimental block to reduce border effects.

Plants are allowed to grow for 28 days under the low N run or for 23 days under the high N run. The macronutrients are dispensed in the form of a macronutrient solution (see composition below) containing precise amounts of N added (2 mM NH₄NO₃ for limiting N selection and 20 mM NH₄NO₃ for high N selection runs). Each pot is manually dispensed 100 ml of nutrient solution three times a week on alternate days starting at eight and ten days after planting for high N and low N runs, respectively. On the day of nutrient application, two 20 min waterings at 05:00 and 13:00 are skipped. The vattex matting should be changed every third run to avoid N accumulation and buildup of root matter. Table 7 shows the amount of nutrients in the nutrient solution for either the low or high nitrogen selection. TABLE 7 2 mM NH₄NO₃ 20 mM NH₄NO₃ (high (Low Nitrogen Growth Nitrogen Growth Condition, Low N) Condition, High N) Nutrient Stock mL/L mL/L 1 M NH₄N0₃ 2 20 1 M KH₂PO₄ 0.5 0.5 1 M MgSO₄•7H₂O 2 2 1 M CaCl₂ 2.5 2.5 1 M K₂SO₄ 1 1 Note: Adjust pH to 5.6 with HCl or KOH

(c) Harvest Measurements and Data Collection—After 28 days of plant growth for low N runs and 23 days of plant growth for high N runs, the following measurements are taken (phenocodes in parentheses): total shoot fresh mass (g) (SFM) measured by Sartorius electronic balance, V6 leaf chlorophyll measured by Minolta SPAD meter (relative units) (LC), V6 leaf area (cm²) (LA) measured by a Li—Cor leaf area meter, V6 leaf fresh mass (g) (LFM) measured by Sartorius electronic balance, and V6 leaf dry mass (g) (LDM) measured by Sartorius electronic balance. Raw data were analyzed by SAS software. Results shown are the comparison of transgenic plants relative to the wildtype controls.

To take a leaf reading, samples were excised from the V6 leaf. Since chlorophyll meter readings of corn leaves are affected by the part of the leaf and the position of the leaf on the plant that is sampled, SPAD meter readings were done on leaf six of the plants. Three measurements per leaf were taken, of which the first reading was taken from a point one-half the distance between the leaf tip and the collar and halfway from the leaf margin to the midrib while two were taken toward the leaf tip. The measurements were restricted in the area from ½ to ¾ of the total length of the leaf (from the base) with approximately equal spacing between them. The average of the three measurements was taken from the SPAD machine.

Leaf fresh mass is recorded for an excised V6 leaf, the leaf is placed into a paper bag. The paper bags containing the leaves are then placed into a forced air oven at 80° C. for 3 days. After 3 days, the paper bags are removed from the oven and the leaf dry mass measurements are taken.

From the collected data, two derived measurements are made: (1) Leaf chlorophyll area (LCA), which is a product of V6 relative chlorophyll content and its leaf area (relative units). Leaf chlorophyll area=leaf chlorophyll X leaf area. This parameter gives an indication of the spread of chlorophyll over the entire leaf area; (2)specific leaf area (LSA) is calculated as the ratio of V6 leaf area to its dry mass (cm²/g dry mass), a parameter also recognized as a measure of NUE. The data are shown in Table 8. TABLE 8 Leaf chlorophyll Shoot fresh mass Mean Mean PEP Leaf chlorophyll area of of SEQ Construct Percent Mean of Percent con- Percent con- ID ID Event ID change Mean controls P-value change Mean trols P-value change Mean trols P-value 91 PMON73816 ZM_M37183 4 3688.43 3558.85 0.221 3 24.54 23.73 0.0722 5 48.04 45.92 0.1289 PMON73816 ZM_M37183 15 5963.14 5180.33 0 12 31.72 28.41 0 16 48.24 41.48 1.00E−04 PMON73816 ZM_M37183 8 4796 4439.2 0.0438 3 27.1 26.2 0.2569 23 55.2 44.8 0 PMON73816 ZM_M37188 12 4002.73 3558.85 0 13 26.86 23.73 0 4 47.83 45.92 0.1707 PMON73816 ZM_M37188 13 5832.79 5180.33 3.00E−04 12 31.73 28.41 0 11 46.25 41.48 0.0046 PMON73816 ZM_M37188 −9 4037.7 4439.2 0.0234 −1 26 26.2 0.7492 −10 40.4 44.8 0.0144 PMON73816 ZM_M37197 4 5375.2 5180.33 0.2694 1 28.81 28.41 0.5194 17 48.42 41.48 0 PMON73816 ZM_M37197 21 5374.8 4439.2 0 14 29.9 26.2 0 30 58.4 44.8 0 PMON73816 ZM_M37197 5 3733.33 3558.85 0.0996 1 24.02 23.73 0.522 5 48.42 45.92 0.0742 100 PMON75511 ZM_M44958 18.1 5065.43 4287.52 1.00E−04 13.9 29.44 25.86 0 12 44.22 39.48 0.0096 PMON75511 ZM_M44958 7.3 8006.21 7460.91 0.0071 5.5 40.63 38.5 0.0072 0 67.53 67.56 0.9892 PMON75511 ZM_M44961 8.2 4639.06 4287.52 0.0583 5.8 27.36 25.86 0.0449 6.7 42.13 39.48 0.1258 PMON75511 ZM_M44961 4.7 7810.27 7460.91 0.0947 4.9 40.41 38.5 0.0195 4.9 70.87 67.56 0.1511 PMON75511 ZM_M46591 5.1 4504.72 4287.52 0.2951 5.5 27.27 25.86 0.0734 −4.5 37.69 39.48 0.3276 PMON75511 ZM_M46591 −4.3 7142.88 7460.91 0.1149 −1.4 37.98 38.5 0.4997 8 72.98 67.56 0.0151 PMON75511 ZM_M46601 12.3 4813.03 4287.52 0.0117 4.7 27.07 25.86 0.1494 22.4 48.31 39.48 0 PMON75511 ZM_M46601 7.7 8036.73 7460.91 0.0045 5 40.44 38.5 0.014 0.3 67.76 67.56 0.93 114 PMON75980 ZM_M53387 −8 3998.29 4368.22 0.0065 2 24.35 23.8 0.3237 −18 37.79 45.85 0 PMON75980 ZM_M53389 −10 3323.6 3691.69 0.0189 −3 23.05 23.65 0.3551 −8 30.6 33.21 0.0804 PMON75980 ZM_M53389 −5 4139.75 4368.22 0.1038 −2 23.42 23.8 0.4834 −10 41.22 45.85 0.0031 PMON75980 ZM_M53390 8 4728.73 4368.22 0.0188 5 25.07 23.8 0.0272 −3 44.65 45.85 0.4407 PMON75980 ZM_M53390 10 4044.06 3691.69 0.0245 2 24.24 23.65 0.3703 9 36.29 33.21 0.0398 PMON75980 ZM_M53392 27 4679.18 3691.69 0 10 26.06 23.65 3.00E−04 27 42.31 33.21 0 PMON75980 ZM_M53392 2 4446.67 4368.22 0.5757 4 24.88 23.8 0.0534 3 47.36 45.85 0.3298 PMON75980 ZM_M53396 13 4948.67 4368.22 0 7 25.37 23.8 0.0068 8 49.32 45.85 0.0259 PMON75980 ZM_M53396 16 4271.59 3691.69 2.00E−04 4 24.7 23.65 0.109 13 37.46 33.21 0.0046 PMON75980 ZM_M53397 1 4411.5 4368.22 0.7574 1 24.06 23.8 0.6707 −6 43.08 45.85 0.0992 PMON75980 ZM_M53398 2 4476.43 4368.22 0.4235 7 25.36 23.8 0.0052 −6 43.12 45.85 0.0792 103 PMON78949 ZM_M63936 −2.1 4587.66 4686.12 0.4835 3.3 30.35 29.37 0.1605 −6.1 32.65 34.77 0.0457 PMON78949 ZM_M63936 −2.1 3863.18 3946.32 0.4391 −0.6 28.37 28.55 0.7352 8.7 45.14 41.55 0.0077 PMON78949 ZM_M63941 7.5 5037.73 4686.12 0.0128 3.9 30.51 29.37 0.1021 7.4 37.33 34.77 0.0158 PMON78949 ZM_M63941 −1.9 3871.03 3946.32 0.4835 −2.5 27.83 28.55 0.1742 9.8 45.63 41.55 0.0036 PMON78949 ZM_M63942 7.5 5036.21 4686.12 0.0132 6.4 31.26 29.37 0.007 9.2 37.98 34.77 0.0025 PMON78949 ZM_M63942 13 4459.25 3946.32 0 7.6 30.73 28.55 0 9.2 45.37 41.55 0.0047 PMON78949 ZM_M63944 4.3 4887.29 4686.12 0.1528 4.9 30.81 29.37 0.0393 −6.6 32.48 34.77 0.0306 PMON78949 ZM_M63944 0.8 3979.53 3946.32 0.7571 0.4 28.66 28.55 0.8318 −0.9 41.17 41.55 0.7776 108 PMON79709 ZM_M51983 3 5110.49 4947.82 0.1855 6 28.18 26.59 0.0012 4 46.1 44.36 0.076 PMON79709 ZM_M51983 2 6011.13 5906.6 0.6174 3 28.75 27.9 0.2078 16 62.26 53.53 2.00E−04 PMON79709 ZM_M51983 0.9 5829.16 5776.02 0.7681 −0.7 30.24 30.45 0.7671 −3.1 45.46 46.92 0.4097 PMON79709 ZM_M51985 0 5773.16 5776.02 0.988 −0.2 30.38 30.45 0.9183 −1.6 46.16 46.92 0.682 PMON79709 ZM_M51985 7 6301.05 5906.6 0.0602 3 28.81 27.9 0.1763 16 62.11 53.53 2.00E−04 PMON79709 ZM_M51985 6 5263.87 4947.82 0.0079 6 28.07 26.59 0.0026 3 45.48 44.36 0.2555 PMON79709 ZM_M52025 3 5075.34 4947.82 0.2817 4 27.58 26.59 0.0415 4 46.33 44.36 0.052 PMON79709 ZM_M52025 3.2 5959.63 5776.02 0.3087 −1.7 29.93 30.45 0.4617 1 47.38 46.92 0.7983 PMON79709 ZM_M52025 21 7124.16 5906.6 0 14 31.74 27.9 0 20 64.48 53.53 0 PMON79709 ZM_M52710 6 6240.85 5906.6 0.1109 10 30.6 27.9 1.00E−04 9 58.5 53.53 0.0321 PMON79709 ZM_M52710 8 5339.8 4947.82 0.001 7 28.46 26.59 1.00E−04 3 45.82 44.36 0.1373 PMON79709 ZM_M52710 3.8 5995.36 5776.02 0.2241 3.6 31.55 30.45 0.1214 −4.1 45 46.92 0.2779 PMON79709 ZM_M52720 7.4 6201.46 5776.02 0.0188 5.2 32.04 30.45 0.0258 6.1 49.8 46.92 0.1242 PMON79709 ZM_M52720 7 5280.25 4947.82 0.0053 7 28.39 26.59 2.00E−04 −5 42.31 44.36 0.0357 PMON79709 ZM_M52720 12 6617.79 5906.6 8.00E−04 9 30.28 27.9 9.00E−04 3 55.01 53.53 0.5222 96 PMON80270 ZM_M55967 5.2 6306.34 5993.37 0.0376 4.3 30.64 29.39 0.028 7.3 54.7 50.98 0.0017 PMON80270 ZM_M55967 6.6 5.33 5 0.0666 6.7 33.48 31.38 0.0075 6 44.75 42.21 0.0627 PMON80270 ZM_M55968 16.6 5.83 5 0 5.7 33.17 31.38 0.0421 17.5 49.6 42.21 0 PMON80270 ZM_M55968 −1 5930.77 5993.37 0.6873 −0.5 29.25 29.39 0.8058 7.7 54.89 50.98 0.001 PMON80270 ZM_M55969 −4.1 5749.51 5993.37 0.1048 0.3 29.47 29.39 0.892 4.7 53.36 50.98 0.0427 PMON80270 ZM_M55969 5 5.25 5 0.1118 4.1 32.66 31.38 0.1464 8 45.58 42.21 0.0139 PMON80270 ZM_M55970 −2.3 5855.83 5993.37 0.3595 1.3 29.76 29.39 0.5246 4.4 53.2 50.98 0.0504 PMON80270 ZM_M55970 2.6 5.13 5 0.4257 −2.5 30.58 31.38 0.3062 2.9 43.45 42.21 0.3616 PMON80270 ZM_M55971 −4 5754.31 5993.37 0.1118 0.7 29.61 29.39 0.7 1.8 51.92 50.98 0.4075 PMON80270 ZM_M55971 6 5.3 5 0.0728 4.8 32.89 31.38 0.0536 6 44.74 42.21 0.064 PMON80270 ZM_M55972 −1 5933.48 5993.37 0.6897 −0.3 29.29 29.39 0.8631 3.6 52.81 50.98 0.1193 PMON80270 ZM_M55972 13.8 5.69 5 0 5.1 32.99 31.38 0.0397 9.4 46.19 42.21 0.0037 PMON80270 ZM_M56524 8 5.4 5 0.0364 5.1 32.98 31.38 0.0413 15.5 48.74 42.21 0 PMON80270 ZM_M56524 −1.4 5908.18 5993.37 0.5702 1 29.67 29.39 0.6255 6.3 54.18 50.98 0.0067 PMON80270 ZM_M56526 −2.7 5829.79 5993.37 0.276 −1.4 28.98 29.39 0.4744 2.5 52.23 50.98 0.2681 PMON80270 ZM_M56526 20 6 5 0 0.5 31.54 31.38 0.8352 13.8 48.05 42.21 0 PMON80270 ZM_M56527 1.2 6063.11 5993.37 0.6421 −0.2 29.32 29.39 0.8978 5.6 53.82 50.98 0.0126 PMON80270 ZM_M56527 2.2 5.11 5 0.489 2.4 32.14 31.38 0.3294 4.1 43.95 42.21 0.2012 118 PMON80461 ZM_M52932 24.5 8417.13 6759.85 0 13.4 34.66 30.57 0 25.7 76.5 60.88 0 PMON80461 ZM_M52932 6 7095.13 6713.17 0.0553 3 30.63 29.82 0.294 −1 54.05 54.73 0.653 PMON80461 ZM_M52932 1 4877.13 4816.31 0.5834 2 29.24 28.65 0.2351 −2 30.75 31.34 0.4187 PMON80461 ZM_M52932 −4.5 5830.38 6107.25 0.1599 −1.1 29.45 29.77 0.6468 −2.7 37.58 38.63 0.5145 PMON80461 ZM_M52932 −9 4808.1 5269.64 0.0084 1 30.86 30.68 0.7905 2 35.8 35.13 0.4119 PMON80461 ZM_M52932 8.2 5068.24 4686.12 0.0069 10 32.31 29.37 0 −6 32.68 34.77 0.0483 PMON80461 ZM_M52932 14.3 4511.99 3946.32 0 6.5 30.42 28.55 5.00E−04 11 46.12 41.55 7.00E−04 PMON80461 ZM_M53218 −14.6 5773.62 6759.85 1.00E−04 −5.6 28.87 30.57 0.0168 −16.4 50.92 60.88 1.00E−04 PMON80461 ZM_M53218 7 7166.44 6713.17 0.0231 5 31.33 29.82 0.0501 9 59.48 54.73 0.002 PMON80461 ZM_M53218 2 4908.21 4816.31 0.4075 3 29.55 28.65 0.072 3 32.25 31.34 0.1908 PMON80461 ZM_M53218 −9 4808.4 5269.64 0.0085 −2 30.04 30.68 0.3563 −2 34.52 35.13 0.4641 PMON80461 ZM_M53218 8.2 5071.81 4686.12 0.0064 6.2 31.19 29.37 0.0096 0.4 34.91 34.77 0.8893 PMON80461 ZM_M53218 1.7 6211.2 6107.25 0.6164 −1.5 29.33 29.77 0.5225 0.9 38.97 38.63 0.8332 PMON80461 ZM_M53218 1.1 3987.88 3946.32 0.6988 1.3 28.92 28.55 0.484 1.3 42.07 41.55 0.6981 PMON80461 ZM_M53235 3 4955.98 4816.31 0.2084 1 28.93 28.65 0.5828 0 31.45 31.34 0.8709 PMON80461 ZM_M53235 20.2 8122.46 6759.85 0 13.8 34.79 30.57 0 17.3 71.4 60.88 0 PMON80461 ZM_M53235 3 6907.56 6713.17 0.3282 5 31.36 29.82 0.0447 1 55.05 54.73 0.8357 PMON80461 ZM_M53503 2 4921.37 4816.31 0.3438 8 30.95 28.65 0 3 32.32 31.34 0.1605 PMON80461 ZM_M53503 14.9 7763.72 6759.85 1.00E−04 10.4 33.77 30.57 0 25.9 76.63 60.88 0 PMON80461 ZM_M53503 7 7197.24 6713.17 0.0154 6 31.54 29.82 0.0255 12 61.48 54.73 0 PMON80461 ZM_M53504 −1 6666.94 6713.17 0.816 1 29.98 29.82 0.8413 10 60.29 54.73 6.00E−04 PMON80461 ZM_M53504 −1 4748.6 4816.31 0.5416 −1 28.4 28.65 0.6231 −2 30.82 31.34 0.4559 PMON80461 ZM_M53504 −15.3 5724.41 6759.85 0 −8.6 27.93 30.57 2.00E−04 −21 48.11 60.88 0 PMON80461 ZM_M53848 2 4897.29 4816.31 0.4654 4 29.87 28.65 0.0153 −2 30.63 31.34 0.3077 PMON80461 ZM_M53848 −15.3 5722.73 6759.85 0 −5.6 28.87 30.57 0.0168 −24.1 46.19 60.88 0 PMON80461 ZM_M53848 3 6882.64 6713.17 0.394 7 31.86 29.82 0.008 2 56 54.73 0.4059 PMON80461 ZM_M54282 0 4800.09 4816.31 0.8878 2 29.31 28.65 0.2011 −1 30.98 31.34 0.6261 PMON80461 ZM_M54282 −2 6592.76 6713.17 0.5446 −2 29.35 29.82 0.5372 3 56.57 54.73 0.2552 PMON80461 ZM_M54282 −12.7 5900.82 6759.85 7.00E−04 −4.9 29.07 30.57 0.0346 −19.8 48.83 60.88 0 PMON80461 ZM_M54284 7 7155.9 6713.17 0.0265 5 31.2 29.82 0.0723 1 55.01 54.73 0.855 PMON80461 ZM_M54284 19.2 8060.14 6759.85 0 9.7 33.55 30.57 0 16.4 70.88 60.88 1.00E−04 PMON80461 ZM_M54284 5 5052.8 4816.31 0.0404 1 28.94 28.65 0.5692 3 32.14 31.34 0.2488 PMON80461 ZM_M55266 −2.4 5962.4 6107.25 0.4616 0.2 29.81 29.77 0.9457 −6.7 36.04 38.63 0.1098 PMON80461 ZM_M55957 5 6414.71 6107.25 0.1187 2.9 30.63 29.77 0.2128 −3.7 37.21 38.63 0.3528 PMON80461 ZM_M56233 2.7 6270.89 6107.25 0.4056 5 31.25 29.77 0.0426 −0.7 38.38 38.63 0.8653 PMON80461 ZM_M56728 3.8 6338.35 6107.25 0.2405 4 30.96 29.77 0.0831 −0.5 38.43 38.63 0.8911 102 PMON80542 ZM_M57107 −3.8 5766.93 5993.37 0.1461 −0.2 29.34 29.39 0.9327 6.1 54.07 50.98 0.0089 PMON80542 ZM_M57107 14.2 5.71 5 0 1.2 31.75 31.38 0.6312 12.3 47.4 42.21 2.00E−04 PMON80542 ZM_M57119 −8 5512.76 5993.37 0.0015 −1.1 29.08 29.39 0.5896 4.6 53.34 50.98 0.0375 PMON80542 ZM_M57119 11.6 5.58 5 5.00E−04 5.1 32.96 31.38 0.0429 16.2 49.03 42.21 0 PMON80542 ZM_M57120 2.6 5.13 5 0.4257 2.5 32.16 31.38 0.3138 −1.1 41.75 42.21 0.7377 PMON80542 ZM_M57120 −3.1 5807.66 5993.37 0.2163 0.2 29.46 29.39 0.9036 0.1 51.04 50.98 0.9595 PMON80542 ZM_M57121 −2.7 5829.33 5993.37 0.2746 1.9 29.94 29.39 0.3311 8.4 55.24 50.98 2.00E−04 PMON80542 ZM_M57121 4.4 5.22 5 0.2467 −1.4 30.95 31.38 0.5865 9 45.99 42.21 0.0058 PMON80542 ZM_M57122 −3.5 5785.68 5993.37 0.1669 0.4 29.5 29.39 0.8458 8.9 55.51 50.98 1.00E−04 PMON80542 ZM_M57122 0 5 5 1 2.3 32.1 31.38 0.3537 6.8 45.07 42.21 0.0474 PMON80542 ZM_M57124 −3 5815.15 5993.37 0.2353 −2.7 28.61 29.39 0.1694 6.6 54.33 50.98 0.0032 PMON80542 ZM_M57124 13.4 5.67 5 2.00E−04 0.3 31.48 31.38 0.8981 13.1 47.74 42.21 1.00E−04 PMON80542 ZM_M57131 13.3 7776.21 6866.4 0 6.5 33.54 31.48 0.0099 27.9 68.11 53.23 0 PMON80542 ZM_M57132 −2.3 5853.25 5993.37 0.3506 −2.3 28.71 29.39 0.2306 13.2 57.73 50.98 0 PMON80542 ZM_M57132 7.6 5.38 5 0.0174 −1.9 30.79 31.38 0.4522 7.4 45.34 42.21 0.0221 PMON80542 ZM_M57146 0.6 6031.47 5993.37 0.7995 4.9 30.82 29.39 0.0124 −2.6 49.63 50.98 0.2347 PMON80542 ZM_M57146 0.4 5.02 5 0.9047 7 33.58 31.38 0.0052 0.7 42.51 42.21 0.8221 123 PMON80850 ZM_M56061 −3.7 4.94 5.13 0.1027 2.8 30.43 29.6 0.2912 −1.8 44.81 45.62 0.6326 PMON80850 ZM_M56061 −1.1 5272.7 5331.51 0.7088 0.7 28.56 28.35 0.7113 −6.3 42.33 45.16 0.0465 PMON80850 ZM_M56062 3.5 5.31 5.13 0.1181 0.1 29.63 29.6 0.9654 6.2 48.44 45.62 0.0972 PMON80850 ZM_M56062 4.4 5566.18 5331.51 0.1369 1.6 28.8 28.35 0.4251 9.3 49.37 45.16 0.0032 PMON80850 ZM_M56071 −3.3 4.96 5.13 0.141 2.5 30.33 29.6 0.379 7.6 49.1 45.62 0.0407 PMON80850 ZM_M56071 −0.5 5302.33 5331.51 0.853 −0.8 28.11 28.35 0.6697 10.7 50.01 45.16 7.00E−04 PMON80850 ZM_M56222 −0.8 5.09 5.13 0.719 6.1 31.41 29.6 0.0211 0.9 46.01 45.62 0.8177 PMON80850 ZM_M56222 4 5545.23 5331.51 0.1754 4.2 29.53 28.35 0.0367 −0.8 44.78 45.16 0.7867 PMON80850 ZM_M56722 −1.8 5.05 5.13 0.4557 0.1 29.61 29.6 0.9841 −5.6 43.05 45.62 0.1295 PMON80850 ZM_M56722 0.9 5379.37 5331.51 0.7693 2.1 28.94 28.35 0.3101 2.8 46.42 45.16 0.3906 PMON80850 ZM_M56723 −4.1 4.92 5.13 0.0711 −1.2 29.25 29.6 0.6582 −2.9 44.28 45.62 0.4536 PMON80850 ZM_M56723 8.3 5774.12 5331.51 0.0052 2.1 28.94 28.35 0.2947 2.6 46.33 45.16 0.4113 PMON80850 ZM_M57056 7.2 5.51 5.13 0.0014 5 31.06 29.6 0.0623 11.5 50.85 45.62 0.0022 PMON80850 ZM_M57056 2.6 5472.58 5331.51 0.3707 1.4 28.75 28.35 0.4782 2.1 46.11 45.16 0.5035 Nitrogen use Field Efficacy Assay

Level I. Transgenic plants provided by the present invention are planted in field without any nitrogen source being applied. Transgenic plants and control plants are grouped by genotype and construct with controls arranged randomly within genotype blocks. Each type of transgenic plants are tested by 3 replications and across 5 locations. Nitrogen levels in the fields are analyzed in early April pre-planting by collecting 30 sample soil cores from 0-24″ and 24 to 48″ soil layer. Soil samples are analyzed for nitrate-nitrogen, phosphorus(P), Potassium(K), organic matter and pH to provide baseline values. P, K and micronutrients are applied based upon soil test recommendations.

Level II. Transgenic plants provided by the present invention are planted in field with three levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer being applied, i.e. low level (0 N), medium level (80 lb/ac) and high level (180 lb/ac). Liquid 28% or 32% UAN (Urea, Ammonium Nitrogen) are used as the N source and apply by broadcast boom and incorporate with a field cultivator with rear rolling basket in the same direction as intended crop rows. Although there is no N applied to the 0 N treatment the soil should still be disturbed in the same fashion as the treated area. Transgenic plants and control plants are grouped by genotype and construct with controls arranged randomly within genotype blocks. Each type of transgenic plants is tested by 3 replications and across 4 locations. Nitrogen levels in the fields are analyzed in early April pre-planting by collecting 30 sample soil cores from 0-24″ and 24 to 48″ soil layer. Soil samples are analyzed for nitrate-nitrogen, phosphorus(P), Potassium(K), organic matter and pH to provide baseline values. P, K and micronutrients are applied based upon soil test recommendations. TABLE 9 Genes increase seed yield in transgenic plants at different nitrogen levels. PEP SEQ Transgenic ID NO Phe ID Gene Construct Event mean Control Mean Percent change Pvalue I 108 PHE0001623_1734 maize PMON79709 ZM_M51983 137.5 124.76521 10.207  0.0908 magnesium transporter, mrs2-1-like 1 105 PHE0001376_1468 Corn Rubisco PMON75524 ZM_M47998 140.2 124.76521 12.3711 0.0407 Activase 2 130 PHE0001111_1201 Yeast alanine PMON77895 ZM_M61017 140.3 124.76521 12.4512 0.0394 aminotransferase PEP SEQ Transgenic Control Percent P- ID NO Phe ID Gene Construct treatment event yield yield change value II 114 PHE0002412_2512 Ralstonia pMON75980 High ZM_M53398 159.7 142.45 10.801503 0.0621 metallidurans glutamate decarboxylase PHE0002412_2512 Ralstonia Low ZM_M53398 137.125 125.14298 8.7380273 0.0263 metallidurans glutamate decarboxylase PHE0002412_2512 Ralstonia High ZM_M53392 202.575 190.5333333 5.9443005 0.0833 metallidurans glutamate decarboxylase 118 PHE0002492_2592 Arabidopsis E2F pMON80461 High ZM_M53218 160.6 142.45 11.30137 0.0498 PHE0002492_2592 Arabidopsis E2F High ZM_M53848 158.675 142.45 10.225303 0.0792 PHE0002492_2592 Arabidopsis E2F Low ZM_M53848 141.175 125.14298 11.356132 0.0031 PHE0002492_2592 Arabidopsis E2F Med ZM_M53218 159.15 145.075 8.843858 0.0883  91 PHE0001017_1108 MADS box 110 pMON73816 Low ZM_M37188 134.575 125.14298 7.008746 0.0798 B. Selection for Increased Yield

Many transgenic plants of this invention exhibit improved yield as compared to a control plant. Improved yield can result from enhanced seed sink potential, i.e. the number and size of endosperm cells or kernels and/or enhanced sink strength, i.e. the rate of starch biosynthesis. Sink potential can be established very early during kernel development, as endosperm cell number and size are determined within the first few days after pollination.

Much of the increase in corn yield of the past several decades has resulted from an increase in planting density. During that period, corn yield has been increasing at a rate of 2.1 bushels/acre/year, but the planting density has increased at a rate of 250 plants/acre/year. A characteristic of modern hybrid corn is the ability of these varieties to be planted at high density. Many studies have shown that a higher than current planting density should result in more biomass production, but current germplasm does not perform well at these higher densities. One approach to increasing yield is to increase harvest index (HI), the proportion of biomass that is allocated to the kernel compared to total biomass, in high density plantings.

Effective yield selection of enhanced yielding transgenic corn events uses hybrid progeny of the transgenic event over multiple locations with plants grown under optimal production management practices, and maximum pest control. A useful target for improved yield is a 5% to 10% increase in yield as compared to yield produced by plants grown from seed for a control plant. Selection methods may be applied in multiple and diverse geographic locations, for example up to 16 or more locations, over one or more plating seasons, for example at least two planting seasons to statistically distinguish yield improvement from natural environmental effects. It is to plant multiple transgenic plants, positive and negative control plants, and pollinator plants in standard plots, for example 2 row plots, 20 feet long by 5 feet wide with 30 inches distance between rows and a 3 foot alley between ranges. Transgenic events can be grouped by recombinant DNA constructs with groups randomly placed in the field. A pollinator plot of a high quality corn line is planted for every two plots to allow open pollination when using male sterile transgenic events. A useful planting density is about 30,000 plants/acre. High planting density is greater than 30,000 plants/acre; preferably about 40,000 plants/acre, more preferably about 42,000 plants/acre, most preferably about 45,000 plants/acre. Surrogate indicators for yield improvement include source capacity (biomass), source output (sucrose and photosynthesis), sink components (kernel size, ear size, starch in the seed), development (light response, height, density tolerance), maturity, early flowering trait and physiological responses to high density planting, for example at 45,000 plants per acre, for example as illustrated in Table 10 and 11. TABLE 10 Timing Evaluation Description comments V2-3 Early stand Can be taken any time after germination and prior to removal of any plants. Pollen shed GDU to 50% shed GDU to 50% plants shedding 50% tassel. Silking GDU to 50% silk GDU to 50% plants showing silks. Maturity Plant height Height from soil surface to 10 plants per plot - Yield flag leaf attachment (inches). team assistance Maturity Ear height Height from soil surface to 10 plants per plot - Yield primary ear attachment node. team assistance Maturity Leaves above ear visual scores: erect, size, rolling Maturity Tassel size Visual scores +/− vs. WT Pre-Harvest Final Stand Final stand count prior to harvest, exclude tillers Pre-Harvest Stalk lodging No. of stalks broken below the primary ear attachment. Exclude leaning tillers Pre-Harvest Root lodging No. of stalks leaning >45° angle from perpendicular. Pre-Harvest Stay green After physiological maturity and when differences among genotypes are evident: Scale 1 (90-100% tissue green) - 9 (0-19% tissue green). Harvest Grain Yield Grain yield/plot (Shell weight)

TABLE 11 Timing Evaluation Description V8-V12 Chlorophyll V12-VT Ear leaf area V15-15DAP Chl fluorescence V15-15DAP CER 15-25 DAP Carbohydrates sucrose, starch Pre-Harvest 1st internode diameter Pre-Harvest Base 3 internode diameter Pre-Harvest Ear internode diameter Maturity Ear traits diameter, length, kernel number, kernel weight

Electron transport rates (ETR) and CO2 exchange rates (CER): ETR and CER were measured with Li640LCF (Licor, Lincoln, Nebr.) around V9-R1 stages. Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence is a quick way to monitor the source activity and was reported to be highly correlated with CO₂ assimilation under varies conditions (Photosyn Research, 37: 89-102). The youngest fully expanded leaf or 2 leaves above the ear leaf was measured with actinic light 1500 (with 10% blue light) micromol m⁻² s⁻¹, 28° C., CO2 levels 450 ppm. Ten plants were measured in each event. There were 2 readings for each plant.

A hand-held chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 (Minolta-Japan) was used to measure the total chlorophyll level on live transgenic plants and the wild type counterparts a. Three trifoliates from each plant were analyzed, and each trifoliate were analyzed three times. Then 9 data points were averaged to obtain the chlorophyll level. The number of analyzed plants of each genotype ranged from 5 to 8. TABLE 12 pep Witchita, KS Carrollton, IL SEQ Mean SPAD p- Mean SPAD p- ID construct vaule % change value vaule % change value 88 pMON68399 ZM_M31143 64.8 2 0.5215 58.87 4 0.0507 ZM_M31143 64.8 2 0.5828 ZM_M31146 64 1 0.7624 54 −1.14 0.0337 ZM_M31146 64 1 0.8319 ZM_M31147 67.3 6 0.0858 59.84 6 0.0665 ZM_M31147 67.3 6 0.105 ZM_M31152 66.6 5 0.1564 58.9 1 0.7965 ZM_M31152 66.6 5 0.1862 ZM_M31524 60.4 −5 0.2009 57.44 2 0.5839 ZM_M31524 60.4 −5 0.1734 ZM_M32356 61.9 −2 0.5386 59.36 −2 0.4308 ZM_M32356 61.9 −3 0.4836 ZM_M34171 62.7 −1 0.7919 60.18 0 0.9203 ZM_M34171 62.7 −1 0.7255 ZM_M38646 64.5 2 0.6164 59.89 3 0.3042 ZM_M38646 64.5 1 0.6819 ZM_M38660 67.3 6 0.0836 62.35 7 0.004

TABLE 13 PEP n- n- ETR- % CER- % SEQ ID Construct event trt ctr ctr Change Pvalue ctr Change Pvalue 105 PMON75524 ZM_M47998 20 40 141.3 3 0.001 45.7 7 0.000 PMON75524 ZM_M48003 20 40 141.3 8 0.000 45.7 6 0.000 PMON75524 ZM_M48004 20 40 141.3 −4 0.000 45.7 −8 0.000 PMON75524 ZM_M48005 20 40 141.3 2 0.008 45.7 4 0.012 PMON75524 ZM_M48007 20 40 141.3 4 0.000 45.7 −3 0.052 PMON75524 ZM_M48010 20 40 141.3 6 0.000 45.7 8 0.000 125 PMON81853 ZM_M70887 18 64 136.3 −3 0.298 43.7 −5 0.097 PMON81853 ZM_M70888 22 64 136.3 15 0.000 43.7 15 0.000 PMON81853 ZM_M70889 22 64 136.3 −23 0.000 43.7 −18 0.000 PMON81853 ZM_M70900 22 64 136.3 −14 0.000 43.7 −14 0.000 PMON81853 ZM_M71630 16 64 136.3 9 0.005 43.7 5 0.119 102 PMON80542 ZM_M57107 20 101 154.1 0 0.863 40.5 5 0.084 PMON80542 ZM_M57119 20 101 154.1 3 0.002 40.5 5 0.099 PMON80542 ZM_M57120 20 101 154.1 −6 0.000 40.5 −4 0.112 PMON80542 ZM_M57121 20 101 154.1 −5 0.000 40.5 −8 0.003 PMON80542 ZM_M57122 20 101 154.1 10 0.000 40.5 19 0.000 PMON80542 ZM_M57124 20 101 154.1 1 0.514 40.5 3 0.204 PMON80542 ZM_M57131 20 101 154.1 6 0.000 40.5 7 0.017 PMON80542 ZM_M57132 20 101 154.1 9 0.000 40.5 11 0.000 PMON80542 ZM_M57146 20 101 154.1 9 0.000 40.5 13 0.000 PEP n- n- ETR- % CER- % SEQ ID Construct trt ctr ctr Change Pvalue ctr Change Pvalue 105 PMON75524 10 42 153.7 −0 0.978 45.8 −2 0.067 PMON75524 10 42 153.7 1 0.414 45.8 4 0.001 PMON75524 11 42 153.7 7 0.000 45.8 9 0.000 PMON75524 12 42 153.7 3 0.004 45.8 5 0.000 PMON75524 11 42 153.7 1 0.498 45.8 −2 0.072 PMON75524 10 42 153.7 7 0.000 45.8 9 0.000 125 PMON81853 19 51 151.5 8 0.001 34.8 9 0.012 PMON81853 10 51 151.5 11 0.000 34.8 22 0.000 PMON81853 16 51 151.5 10 0.000 34.8 13 0.000 PMON81853 21 51 151.5 1 0.666 34.8 −0 0.944 PMON81853 10 51 151.5 12 0.000 34.8 22 0.000 102 PMON80542 9 40 131.7 16 0.000 28.9 18 0.000 PMON80542 10 40 131.7 −1 0.691 28.9 −3 0.304 PMON80542 10 40 131.7 18 0.000 28.9 15 0.000 PMON80542 12 40 131.7 −9 0.000 28.9 −12 0.000 PMON80542 9 40 131.7 −3 0.126 28.9 −5 0.080 PMON80542 11 40 131.7 20 0.000 28.9 27 0.000 PMON80542 10 40 131.7 −3 0.098 28.9 −3 0.276 PMON80542 11 40 131.7 −4 0.025 28.9 −3 0.191 PMON80542 10 40 131.7 8 0.000 28.9 5 0.062

When selecting for yield improvement a useful statistical measurement approach comprises three components, i.e. modeling spatial autocorrelation of the test field separately for each location, adjusting traits of recombinant DNA events for spatial dependence for each location, and conducting an across location analysis. The first step in modeling spatial autocorrelation is estimating the covariance parameters of the semivariogram. A spherical covariance model is assumed to model the spatial autocorrelation. Because of the size and nature of the trial, it is likely that the spatial autocorrelation may change. Therefore, anisotropy is also assumed along with spherical covariance structure. The following set of equations describes the statistical form of the anisotropic spherical covariance model. ${{C\left( {h;\theta} \right)} = {{{vI}\left( {h = 0} \right)} + {{\sigma^{2}\left( {1 - {\frac{3}{2}h} + {\frac{1}{2}h^{3}}} \right)}{I\left( {h < 1} \right)}}}},$ where I(*) is the indicator function, h=√{square root over ({dot over (x)}²+{dot over (y)}², and {dot over (x)}=[cos(ρπ/180)(x ₁ −x ₂)−sin(ρπ/180)(y ₁ −y ₂)]/ω_(x) {dot over (y)}=[sin(ρπ/180)(x ₁ −x ₂)+cos(ρπ/180)(y ₁ −y ₂)]/ω_(y) where s₁=(x₁, y₁) are the spatial coordinates of one location and s₂=(x₂, y₂) are the spatial coordinates of the second location. There are 5 covariance parameters, θ=(v, σ², ρ, ω_(n), ω_(j)), where v is the nugget effect, σ² is the partial sill, ρ is a rotation in degrees clockwise from north, ω_(n) is a scaling parameter for the minor axis and ω_(j) is a scaling parameter for the major axis of an anisotropical ellipse of equal covariance. The five covariance parameters that defines the spatial trend will then be estimated by using data from heavily replicated pollinator plots via restricted maximum likelihood approach. In a multi-location field trial, spatial trend are modeled separately for each location.

After obtaining the variance parameters of the model, a variance-covariance structure is generated for the data set to be analyzed. This variance-covariance structure contains spatial information required to adjust yield data for spatial dependence. In this case, a nested model that best represents the treatment and experimental design of the study is used along with the variance-covariance structure to adjust the yield data. During this process the nursery or the seed batch effects can also be modeled and estimated to adjust the yields for any yield parity caused by seed batch differences. After spatially adjusted data from different locations are generated, all adjusted data is combined and analyzed assuming locations as replications. In this analysis, intra and inter-location variances are combined to estimate the standard error of yield from transgenic plants and control plants. Relative mean comparisons are used to indicate statistically significant yield improvements. TABLE 14 PEP SEQ ID Transgenic Mean Control Percent NO construct id event control Transgenic mean difference P-value 105 pMON75524 ZM_M47998 Negative 173.3 176.1 −1.6 0.392 segregant ZM_M48003 Negative 167.2 176.1 −5.1 0.007 segregant ZM_M48004 Negative 176.2 176.1 0.0 0.990 segregant ZM_M48005 Negative 186.0 176.1 5.6 0.003 segregant ZM_M48007 Negative 177.9 176.1 1.0 0.631 segregant ZM_M48010 Negative 176.8 176.1 0.4 0.841 segregant 88 pMON68399 ZM_M31146 Negative 179.1 179.9 −0.4 0.778 segregant ZM_M31147 Negative 181.7 179.9 1.0 0.497 segregant ZM_M31524 Negative 179.3 179.9 −0.3 0.829 segregant ZM_M32356 Negative 181.3 179.9 0.8 0.601 segregant ZM_M38646 Negative 180.3 179.9 0.2 0.880 segregant ZM_M38681 Negative 180.2 179.9 0.2 0.894 segregant ZM_M39295 Negative 176.6 179.9 −1.8 0.259 segregant ZM_M39297 Negative 175.6 179.9 −2.3 0.125 segregant ZM_M39298 Negative 184.6 179.9 2.7 0.082 segregant ZM_M39302 Negative 182.0 179.9 1.2 0.440 segregant 105 pMON75524 ZM_M47998 Negative 173.3 176.1 −1.6 0.392 segregant ZM_M48003 Negative 167.2 176.1 −5.1 0.007 segregant ZM_M48004 Negative 176.2 176.1 0.0 0.990 segregant ZM_M48005 Negative 186.0 176.1 5.6 0.003 segregant ZM_M48007 Negative 177.9 176.1 1.0 0.631 segregant ZM_M48010 Negative 176.8 176.1 0.4 0.841 segregant 88 pMON68399 ZM_M31146 Negative 179.1 179.9 −0.4 0.778 segregant ZM_M31147 Negative 181.7 179.9 1.0 0.497 segregant ZM_M31524 Negative 179.3 179.9 −0.3 0.829 segregant ZM_M32356 Negative 181.3 179.9 0.8 0.601 segregant ZM_M38646 Negative 180.3 179.9 0.2 0.880 segregant ZM_M38681 Negative 180.2 179.9 0.2 0.894 segregant ZM_M39295 Negative 176.6 179.9 −1.8 0.259 segregant ZM_M39297 Negative 175.6 179.9 −2.3 0.125 segregant ZM_M39298 Negative 184.6 179.9 2.7 0.082 segregant ZM_M39302 Negative 182.0 179.9 1.2 0.440 segregant

TABLE 15 Mean Mean Percent Construct Event Transgenic Control change P-value PEP SEQ ID 127 PMON78911 ZM_M45101 167.9 176.1 −4.7 0.015 127 PMON78911 ZM_M59413 175.4 176.1 −0.4 0.832 127 PMON78911 ZM_M59778 161.2 176.1 −8.5 0.000 127 PMON78911 ZM_M59783 191.0 176.1 8.4 0.000 127 PMON78911 ZM_M59784 182.6 176.1 3.7 0.053 127 PMON78911 ZM_M62810 180.2 176.1 2.3 0.212 130 PMON77895 ZM_M61016 171.5 176.1 −2.6 0.163 139 PMON77895 ZM_M61017 173.4 176.1 −1.6 0.397 130 PMON77895 ZM_M61033 184.1 176.1 4.5 0.015 131 PMON79152 ZM_M64367 162.9 176.1 −7.5 0.000 131 PMON79152 ZM_M65978 184.5 176.1 4.7 0.012 131 PMON79152 ZM_M65982 175.0 176.1 −0.6 0.733 131 PMON79152 ZM_M65986 139.7 176.1 −20.7 0.000 131 PMON79152 ZM_M65992 171.8 176.1 −2.5 0.182 132 PMON80921 ZM_M63833 184.2 176.1 4.6 0.015 133 PMON75505 ZM_M49384 183.6 176.1 4.2 0.023 134 PMON80925 ZM_M60505 183.4 176.1 4.1 0.039 134 PMON80925 ZM_M62005 179.8 176.1 2.1 0.268 134 PMON80925 ZM_M62007 178.5 176.1 1.3 0.489 134 PMON80925 ZM_M63594 180.1 176.1 2.3 0.229 106 PMON79163 ZM_M45011 177.0 176.1 0.5 0.792 106 PMON79163 ZM_M48217 179.8 176.1 2.1 0.289 106 PMON79163 ZM_M61816 183.5 176.1 4.2 0.033 106 PMON79163 ZM_M61822 168.1 176.1 −4.6 0.023 136 PMON79164 ZM_M44045 172.1 176.1 −2.3 0.217 136 PMON79164 ZM_M59749 180.6 176.1 2.5 0.175 136 PMON79164 ZM_M59750 181.8 176.1 3.2 0.087 136 PMON79164 ZM_M61349 169.5 176.1 −3.8 0.042 136 PMON79164 ZM_M61889 175.0 176.1 −0.6 0.738 136 PMON79164 ZM_M61890 145.4 176.1 −17.4 0.000 136 PMON79164 ZM_M62988 175.7 176.1 −0.3 0.881 136 PMON79164 ZM_M63003 185.0 176.1 5.0 0.007 107 PMON75533 ZM_M47453 183.4 176.1 4.1 0.027 107 PMON75533 ZM_M47460 178.4 176.1 1.3 0.491 107 PMON75533 ZM_M49275 183.9 176.1 4.4 0.018 107 PMON75533 ZM_M49278 177.0 176.1 0.5 0.790 137 PMON79653 ZM_M49883 174.6 176.1 −0.9 0.633 137 PMON79653 ZM_M65281 183.4 176.1 4.1 0.030 138 PMON81228 ZM_M59931 169.3 176.1 −3.9 0.055 138 PMON81228 ZM_M60825 185.8 176.1 5.5 0.003 148 PMON82223 ZM_M70571 185.8 176.1 5.5 0.007 161 PMON79665 ZM_M51224 171.9 176.1 −2.4 0.198 161 PMON79665 ZM_M53787 172.2 176.1 −2.2 0.233 161 PMON79665 ZM_M55078 184.2 176.1 4.6 0.019 139 PMON79430 ZM_M50221 181.1 176.1 2.8 0.137 139 PMON79430 ZM_M50222 178.6 176.1 1.4 0.477 139 PMON79430 ZM_M50223 180.8 176.1 2.7 0.153 139 PMON79430 ZM_M50727 177.7 176.1 0.9 0.637 139 PMON79430 ZM_M50729 179.0 176.1 1.6 0.377 139 PMON79430 ZM_M51479 171.7 176.1 −2.5 0.198 139 PMON79430 ZM_M51481 185.4 176.1 5.2 0.006 139 PMON79430 ZM_M51490 178.5 176.1 1.3 0.492 140 PMON79731 ZM_M52239 187.5 176.1 6.5 0.001 140 PMON79731 ZM_M52245 172.2 176.1 −2.2 0.230 140 PMON79731 ZM_M52252 174.6 176.1 −0.9 0.638 140 PMON79731 ZM_M52255 172.4 176.1 −2.1 0.248 140 PMON79731 ZM_M52375 173.3 176.1 −1.6 0.396 140 PMON79731 ZM_M52802 173.6 176.1 −1.5 0.447 140 PMON79731 ZM_M52812 166.6 176.1 −5.4 0.004 141 PMON78229 ZM_M55961 176.0 176.1 −0.1 0.963 141 PMON78229 ZM_M55962 182.3 176.1 3.5 0.065 141 PMON78229 ZM_M55964 175.1 176.1 −0.6 0.743 141 PMON78229 ZM_M56184 187.2 176.1 6.3 0.001 141 PMON78229 ZM_M56185 181.8 176.1 3.2 0.083 141 PMON78229 ZM_M59082 176.1 176.1 0.0 0.984 SEQ ID NO 116 PMON79697 ZM_M53938 171.6 176.1 −2.6 0.171 116 PMON79697 ZM_M53939 180.2 176.1 2.3 0.236 116 PMON79697 ZM_M54371 175.0 176.1 −0.6 0.733 116 PMON79697 ZM_M54372 185.1 176.1 5.1 0.009 116 PMON79697 ZM_M54374 181.2 176.1 2.8 0.127 144 PMON78240 ZM_M53464 184.1 176.1 4.5 0.015 144 PMON78240 ZM_M53465 175.2 176.1 −0.5 0.785 144 PMON78240 ZM_M53470 174.4 176.1 −1.0 0.611 144 PMON78240 ZM_M53471 166.7 176.1 −5.4 0.005 144 PMON78240 ZM_M53478 173.6 176.1 −1.4 0.456 144 PMON78240 ZM_M53673 175.8 176.1 −0.2 0.917 144 PMON78240 ZM_M53674 172.5 176.1 −2.1 0.269 144 PMON78240 ZM_M53684 179.4 176.1 1.8 0.342 122 PMON80500 ZM_M56549 173.4 176.1 −1.6 0.408 122 PMON80500 ZM_M56560 173.4 176.1 −1.6 0.394 122 PMON80500 ZM_M56565 175.4 176.1 −0.4 0.811 122 PMON80500 ZM_M56567 177.9 176.1 1.0 0.599 122 PMON80500 ZM_M56568 185.9 176.1 5.6 0.003 122 PMON80500 ZM_M58003 169.4 176.1 −3.8 0.047 145 PMON80283 ZM_M58140 174.6 176.1 −0.9 0.641 145 PMON80283 ZM_M58141 179.7 176.1 2.0 0.294 145 PMON80283 ZM_M58143 183.8 176.1 4.4 0.024 146 PMON80866 ZM_M58256 177.6 176.1 0.8 0.651 146 PMON80866 ZM_M59441 183.3 176.1 4.1 0.028 146 PMON80866 ZM_M60646 174.8 176.1 −0.7 0.692 147 PMON80292 ZM_M57487 180.8 176.1 2.6 0.159 147 PMON80292 ZM_M58571 184.2 176.1 4.6 0.021 147 PMON80292 ZM_M58578 177.5 176.1 0.8 0.717 142 PMON79696 ZM_M53849 177.6 179.1 −1.2 0.431 142 PMON79696 ZM_M53849 190.3 179.1 5.8 0.0003 142 PMON79696 ZM_M53849 178.5 179.1 −0.7 0.0635 150 PMON81857 ZM_M67504 178.8 176.1 1.5 0.415 150 PMON81857 ZM_M70000 182.7 176.1 3.7 0.047 150 PMON81857 ZM_M71064 172.1 176.1 −2.3 0.229 150 PMON81857 ZM_M71065 184.6 176.1 4.8 0.011 150 PMON81857 ZM_M72550 174.3 176.1 −1.0 0.589 149 PMON83553 ZM_M71131 150.7 176.1 −14.5 0.000 149 PMON83553 ZM_M71140 187.4 176.1 6.4 0.001 149 PMON83553 ZM_M71156 150.3 176.1 −14.7 0.000 149 PMON83553 ZM_M71161 172.7 176.1 −1.9 0.298 150 PMON81857 ZM_M67504 178.8 176.1 1.5 0.415 150 PMON81857 ZM_M70000 182.7 176.1 3.7 0.047 150 PMON81857 ZM_M71064 172.1 176.1 −2.3 0.229 150 PMON81857 ZM_M71065 184.6 176.1 4.8 0.011 150 PMON81857 ZM_M72550 174.3 176.1 −1.0 0.589 151 PMON82212 ZM_M67581 171.1 176.1 −2.8 0.126 151 PMON82212 ZM_M67583 186.1 176.1 5.6 0.002 151 PMON82212 ZM_M69111 173.2 176.1 −1.7 0.368 PEP SEQ ID NO 108 PMON79709 ZM_M51983 184.3 176.1 4.7 0.037 108 PMON79709 ZM_M51985 180.1 176.1 2.3 0.231 108 PMON79709 ZM_M52052 185.6 176.1 5.3 0.013 108 PMON79709 ZM_M52710 175.5 176.1 −0.4 0.862 108 PMON79709 ZM_M52720 175.2 176.1 −0.6 0.765 129 PMON73787 ZM_M55089 162.6 176.1 −7.7 0.000 129 PMON73787 ZM_M61950 186.4 176.1 5.8 0.002 129 PMON73787 ZM_M61953 164.7 176.1 −6.5 0.001 129 PMON73787 ZM_M61958 165.9 176.1 −5.8 0.003 129 PMON73787 ZM_M61965 134.3 176.1 −23.8 0.000 129 PMON73787 ZM_M61966 172.6 176.1 −2.0 0.280 135 PMON78942 ZM_M66312 176.2 176.1 0.0 0.997 135 PMON78942 ZM_M66316 173.1 176.1 −1.7 0.362 135 PMON78942 ZM_M66318 164.1 176.1 −6.9 0.000 135 PMON78942 ZM_M66331 183.3 176.1 4.1 0.029 C. Selection for Enhanced Water use Efficiency (WUE)

Described in this example is a high-throughput method for greenhouse selection of transgenic corn plants to wild type corn plants (tested as inbreds or hybrids) for water use efficiency. This selection process imposes 3 drought/re-water cycles on plants over a total period of 15 days after an initial stress free growth period of 11 days. Each cycle consists of 5 days, with no water being applied for the first four days and a water quenching on the 5 th day of the cycle. The primary phenotypes analyzed by the selection method are the changes in plant growth rate as determined by height and biomass during a vegetative drought treatment. The hydration status of the shoot tissues following the drought is also measured. The plant height are measured at three time points. The first is taken just prior to the onset drought when the plant is 11 days old, which is the shoot initial height (SIH). The plant height is also measured halfway throughout the drought/re-water regimen, on day 18 after planting, to give rise to the shoot mid-drought height (SMH). Upon the completion of the final drought cycle on day 26 after planting, the shoot portion of the plant is harvested and measured for a final height, which is the shoot wilt height (SWH) and also measured for shoot wilted biomass (SWM). The shoot is placed in water at 40 degree Celsius in the dark. Three days later, the shoot is weighted to give rise to the shoot turgid weight (STM). After drying in an oven for four days, the shoots are weighted for shoot dry biomass (SDM). The shoot average height (SAH) is the mean plant height across the 3 height measurements. The procedure described above may be adjusted for ±˜one day for each step given the situation.

To correct for slight differences between plants, a size corrected growth value is derived from SIH and SWH. This is the Relative Growth Rate (RGR). Relative Growth Rate (RGR) is calculated for each shoot using the formula [RGR %=(SWH−SIH)/((SWH+SIH)/2)*100]. Relative water content (RWC) is a measurement of how much (%) of the plant was water at harvest. Water Content (RWC) is calculated for each shoot using the formula [RWC %=(SWM−SDM)/(STM−SDM)*100]. Fully watered corn plants of this age run around 98% RWC.

The transgenic plants provided by this invention were selected through the selection process according to the standard procedure described above and the performance of these transgenic plants are shown in Table 16 below. TABLE 16 PEP SEQ ID N Perc, Pvalue, Perc, Pvalue, Perc, Pvalue, Perc, Pvalue, NO Construct Event SAH SAH RGR RGR SDM SDM RWC RWC 88 PMON68399 18 −2.9129 0 4.6104 0 −1.2282 0.0534 2.0799 0 87 PMON72494 2 −2.6854 0 3.3347 0.0034 −3.178 0.0258 2.8177 0.0001 PMON72494 2 −1.4189 0 4.5389 0 1.0503 0.2808 1.8075 0.0272 PMON72494 6 −2.8912 0 5.0217 0 −3.0056 0.0032 3.0684 0 PMON72494 1 −3.2736 0 1.4026 0.2741 0.0968 0.9545 −2.3654 0.0194 97 PMON76342 1 −3.6096 0.0003 8.9657 0 −2.9332 0.2317 2.1037 0.1252 PMON76342 2 −0.9997 0.0384 4.9006 0 −1.7424 0.1472 −0.8155 0.2552 117 PMON78237 4 −2.0513 0 2.1335 0.0011 3.2477 0.0002 0.5998 0.2456 104 PMON78936 2 0.2781 0.3727 1.3631 0.0165 2.1849 0.023 1.4237 0.0744 PMON78936 4 −2.3342 0 6.1784 0 −2.5964 0.0336 2.5358 0.0003 103 PMON78949 4 −1.6398 0 4.5323 0 2.2077 0.0112 0.9068 0.08 109 PMON79422 4 −2.0016 0 2.8698 0 −1.3511 0.0488 1.8883 0.0009 116 PMON79697 2 −1.0829 0.1252 2.9806 0.0225 −0.0495 0.9771 0.0115 0.9907 PMON79697 3 −1.5704 0 2.1663 0 −0.4949 0.5582 1.7787 0.0073 120 PMON80452 1 −1.7626 0.0032 2.1476 0.2778 2.1702 0.3832 −1.914 0.1164 PMON80452 8 −0.2756 0.0645 −1.0206 0.0002 0.4707 0.3101 −0.072 0.8521 PMON80452 11 −0.7077 0.0258 2.1403 0.0003 1.4477 0.0623 −0.0405 0.9267 115 PMON80489 6 −0.895 0.0001 3.7262 0 −1.5941 0.0442 1.4212 0.0038 102 PMON80542 8 −2.5925 0 1.1234 0.0254 2.1829 0.0013 3.2415 0 PMON80542 1 −5.5931 0 2.5902 0.0486 −2.1444 0.2158 9.5238 0

Transgenic plants transformed with pMON67754 comprising the recombinant DNA as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 were tested in field with moderate drought conditions in Sananta, Ill. and Dixon Calif. SPAD readings on leaves under a moderate drought stress showed a significant increase in chlorophyll level in the transgenic plants as compared to the control plants. Two events showed a significant increase in SPAD reading for chlorophyll level, indicating an improvement in drought tolerance. In replicated field trials, 2 events (ZM_M16396 and ZM_M16401) out of 6 tested, showed significantly (p<0.1) improved leaf SPAD readings in two different locations, indicating an improvement in drought tolerance.

D. Selection for Growth Under Cold Stress

-   (1) Cold germination assay—Three sets of seeds are used for the     assay. The first set consists of positive transgenic events (F1     hybrid) where the genes of the present invention are expressed in     the seed. The second seed set is nontransgenic, wild-type negative     control made from the same genotype as the transgenic events. The     third set consisted of two cold tolerant and one cold sensitive     commercial check lines of corn. All seeds are treated with a     fungicide “Captan” (MAESTRO® 80DF Fungicide, Arvesta Corporation,     San Francisco, Calif., USA). 0.43 mL Captan is applied per 45 g of     corn seeds by mixing it well and drying the fungicide prior to the     experiment.

Corn kernels are placed embryo side down on blotter paper within an individual cell (8.9×8.9 cm) of a germination tray (54×36 cm). Ten seeds from an event are placed into one cell of the germination tray. Each tray can hold 21 transgenic events and 3 replicates of wildtype (LH244SDms+LH59), which is randomized in a complete block design. For every event there are five replications (five trays). The trays are placed at 9.7C for 24 days (no light) in a Convrion growth chamber (Conviron Model PG V36, Controlled Environments, Winnipeg, Canada). Two hundred and fifty milliliters of deionized water are added to each germination tray. Germination counts are taken 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 17th, 19th, 21st, and 24th day after start date of the experiment. Seeds are considered germinated if the emerged radicle size is 1 cm. From the germination counts germination index is calculated.

The germination index is calculated as per: Germination index=(Σ([T+1−n _(i) ]*[P _(i) −P _(i−1)]))/T

Where T is the total number of days for which the germination assay is performed. The number of days after planting is defined by n. “i” indicated the number of times the germination had been counted, including the current day. P is the percentage of seeds germinated during any given rating. Statistical differences are calculated between transgenic events and wild type control. After statistical analysis, the events that show a statistical significance at the p level of less than 0.1 relative to wild-type controls will advance to a secondary cold selection. The secondary cold screen is conducted in the same manner of the primary selection only increasing the number of repetitions to ten. Statistical analysis of the data from the secondary selection is conducted to identify the events that show a statistical significance at the p level of less than 0.05 relative to wild-type controls. TABLE 17 Germination index Mean PEP of SEQ Percent con- ID Construct ID Event ID change Mean trols P-value 85 PMON69456 ZM_M15392 −27 23.4 32.07 0.0718 PMON69456 ZM_M15392 12 47.88 42.93 9.00E−04 PMON69456 ZM_M15392 13 48 42.44 0.0756 PMON69456 ZM_M17042 −9 29.2 32.07 0.4 PMON69456 ZM_M17042 17 49.5 42.44 0.0248 PMON69456 ZM_M17042 16 49.89 42.93 0 PMON69456 ZM_M17042 −6 28.14 30.07 0.6526 PMON69456 ZM_M17044 −38 19.25 30.88 0.019 PMON69456 ZM_M17044 9 46.17 42.44 0.2317 PMON69456 ZM_M17044 7 46.88 43.86 0.0297 PMON69456 ZM_M17044 14 34.14 30.07 0.3445 107 PMON75533 ZM_M47453 3 46.88 45.38 0.3782 PMON75533 ZM_M47453 25 49.75 39.69 0.002 PMON75533 ZM_M47460 23 48.83 39.69 0.0047 PMON75533 ZM_M47460 3 46.88 45.38 0.3782 PMON75533 ZM_M49275 14 45.08 39.69 0.0914 PMON75533 ZM_M49275 11 50.46 45.38 0.0031 PMON75533 ZM_M49278 15 45.83 39.69 0.055 PMON75533 ZM_M49278 14 51.75 45.38 2.00E−04 119 PMON78235 ZM_M53641 16 48.25 41.72 4.00E−04 PMON78235 ZM_M53641 23 45 36.5 0.0508 PMON78235 ZM_M53641 1 48.42 48.08 0.9116 PMON78235 ZM_M53641 5 42.17 40.24 0.5629 PMON78235 ZM_M53994 26 46 36.5 0.0294 PMON78235 ZM_M53994 15 47.92 41.72 7.00E−04 PMON78235 ZM_M53994 1 48.67 48.08 0.8459 PMON78235 ZM_M53994 −4 38.58 40.24 0.6196 PMON78235 ZM_M53997 16 48.21 41.72 4.00E−04 PMON78235 ZM_M53997 15 42 36.5 0.2036 104 PMON78936 ZM_M45248 25 48.25 38.69 0.0221 PMON78936 ZM_M45248 14 48.29 42.21 0.0013 PMON78936 ZM_M45274 15 48.33 42.21 0.0012 PMON78936 ZM_M45274 24 48.08 38.69 0.0245 PMON78936 ZM_M45275 5 40.5 38.69 0.6613 PMON78936 ZM_M46485 11 42.92 38.69 0.3066 PMON78936 ZM_M46516 −1 38.33 38.69 0.9301 PMON78936 ZM_M46516 −4 40.38 42.21 0.3274 PMON78936 ZM_M47276 11 43.08 38.69 0.288 110 PMON79425 ZM_M50823 4 42.79 41.31 0.3848 PMON79425 ZM_M50823 18 42.83 36.25 0.0378 PMON79425 ZM_M50856 4 42.88 41.31 0.3589 PMON79425 ZM_M50856 13 40.83 36.25 0.1462 PMON79425 ZM_M51300 7 44.25 41.31 0.087 PMON79425 ZM_M51300 −3 35.16 36.25 0.7282 PMON79425 ZM_M51302 23 44.54 36.25 0.0093 PMON79425 ZM_M51302 17 48.17 41.31 1.00E−04 PMON79425 ZM_M51313 12 46.33 41.31 0.004 PMON79425 ZM_M51313 23 44.7 36.25 0.008 PMON79425 ZM_M51608 24 45.08 36.25 0.0057 PMON79425 ZM_M51608 11 45.88 41.31 0.0086 PMON79425 ZM_M51623 21 43.7 36.25 0.0189 PMON79425 ZM_M51623 14 47.21 41.31 8.00E−04 PMON79425 ZM_M52067 −5 39.13 41.31 0.2033 PMON79425 ZM_M52067 8 39.08 36.25 0.368 116 PMON79697 ZM_M53938 7 47.04 43.93 0.0587 PMON79697 ZM_M53938 5 42 40.17 0.6198 PMON79697 ZM_M53939 18 47.25 40.17 0.0575 PMON79697 ZM_M53939 11 48.58 43.93 0.0049 PMON79697 ZM_M54371 11 48.88 43.93 0.0028 PMON79697 ZM_M54371 15 46.25 40.17 0.1019 PMON79697 ZM_M54372 1 40.75 40.17 0.8745 PMON79697 ZM_M54374 12 49.21 43.93 0.0022 PMON79697 ZM_M54374 18 47.25 40.17 0.0575 111 PMON79718 ZM_M50838 6 45.25 42.78 0.331 PMON79718 ZM_M51591 −3 42.67 43.93 0.4409 PMON79718 ZM_M51591 −18 35.08 42.78 0.0031 PMON79718 ZM_M51592 −3 41.42 42.78 0.5919 PMON79718 ZM_M51594 6 46.46 43.93 0.1241 PMON79718 ZM_M51594 13 48.15 42.78 0.0545 PMON79718 ZM_M51598 11 48.96 43.93 0.0024 PMON79718 ZM_M51598 11 47.58 42.78 0.0606 PMON79718 ZM_M51615 6 46.46 43.93 0.1241 PMON79718 ZM_M51615 11 47.33 42.78 0.075 PMON79718 ZM_M51618 2 43.5 42.78 0.7759 PMON79718 ZM_M52797 −6 40.17 42.78 0.3047 PMON79718 ZM_M52937 16 49.67 42.78 0.0077 PMON79718 ZM_M52937 12 49.04 43.93 0.0021 96 PMON80270 ZM_M55967 10.19 50.63 45.94 6.00E−04 PMON80270 ZM_M55968 7.38 49.33 45.94 0.0129 PMON80270 ZM_M55969 3.27 47.44 45.94 0.2678 PMON80270 ZM_M55970 10.56 50.79 45.94 4.00E−04 PMON80270 ZM_M55971 7.38 49.33 45.94 0.0129 PMON80270 ZM_M55972 2.66 47.17 45.94 0.3663 PMON80270 ZM_M56524 3.81 47.7 45.94 0.1952 PMON80270 ZM_M56526 −7.6 42.46 45.94 0.0105 PMON80270 ZM_M56527 −19.87 36.82 45.94 0 120 PMON80452 ZM_M53452 13 41.83 37.08 0.1902 PMON80452 ZM_M53452 19 49.63 41.56 0 PMON80452 ZM_M53452 7 51.42 48.08 0.2683 PMON80452 ZM_M53452 0 40.25 40.24 0.9971 PMON80452 ZM_M53455 −3 36 37.08 0.7642 PMON80452 ZM_M53455 17 48.67 41.56 0 PMON80452 ZM_M53455 −9 43.67 48.08 0.1434 PMON80452 ZM_M53455 −1 39.92 40.24 0.9231 PMON80452 ZM_M53456 18 49.17 41.56 0 PMON80452 ZM_M53456 18 43.83 37.08 0.0639 PMON80452 ZM_M53469 14 47.54 41.56 1.00E−04 PMON80452 ZM_M53469 18 43.75 37.08 0.0672 PMON80452 ZM_M53694 14 42.42 37.08 0.1418 PMON80452 ZM_M53694 13 46.92 41.56 4.00E−04 PMON80452 ZM_M53695 21 50.08 41.56 0 PMON80452 ZM_M53695 22 45.25 37.08 0.0256 PMON80452 ZM_M53696 21 50.42 41.56 0 PMON80452 ZM_M53696 31 48.5 37.08 0.002 PMON80452 ZM_M54104 13 41.75 37.08 0.198 PMON80452 ZM_M54104 13 47.17 41.56 2.00E−04 PMON80452 ZM_M54106 8 39.92 37.08 0.4332 PMON80452 ZM_M54106 12 46.38 41.56 0.0015 118 PMON80461 ZM_M52932 17 48.67 41.56 0 PMON80461 ZM_M52932 32 48.17 36.5 0.0079 PMON80461 ZM_M52932 −8 43.25 46.86 0.1944 PMON80461 ZM_M52932 9 43.92 40.24 0.271 PMON80461 ZM_M53218 16 42.42 36.5 0.1717 PMON80461 ZM_M53218 7 44.58 41.56 0.0448 PMON80461 ZM_M53218 −6 44.08 46.86 0.3172 PMON80461 ZM_M53218 4 41.92 40.24 0.6145 PMON80461 ZM_M53235 22 50.71 41.56 0 PMON80461 ZM_M53235 24 45.25 36.5 0.0445 PMON80461 ZM_M53503 13 46.79 41.56 6.00E−04 PMON80461 ZM_M53503 28 46.83 36.5 0.0181 PMON80461 ZM_M53504 12 41 36.5 0.2975 PMON80461 ZM_M53504 14 47.5 41.56 1.00E−04 PMON80461 ZM_M53848 24 51.57 41.56 0 PMON80461 ZM_M53848 15 41.92 36.5 0.2104 PMON80461 ZM_M54282 22 50.75 41.56 0 PMON80461 ZM_M54282 29 47 36.5 0.0164 PMON80461 ZM_M54284 21 44.33 36.5 0.0714 PMON80461 ZM_M54284 22 50.71 41.56 0 PMON80461 ZM_M55266 7 50.22 46.86 0.2268 PMON80461 ZM_M55957 10 51.53 46.86 0.0945 PMON80461 ZM_M56233 9 51.18 46.86 0.1217 PMON80461 ZM_M56728 2 47.92 46.86 0.7033 122 PMON80500 ZM_M56549 −0.52 45.71 45.94 0.8613 PMON80500 ZM_M56560 8.29 49.75 45.94 0.0053 PMON80500 ZM_M56565 2.2 46.96 45.94 0.4535 PMON80500 ZM_M56567 9.19 50.17 45.94 0.002 PMON80500 ZM_M56568 10.82 50.92 45.94 3.00E−04 PMON80500 ZM_M58003 4.2 47.88 45.94 0.1542

-   (2) Cold Shock assay—The experimental set-up for the cold shock     assay was the same as described in the above cold germination assay     except seeds were grown in potted media for the cold shock assay.

The desired numbers of 2.5″ square plastic pots were placed on flats (n=32, 4×8). Pots were filled with Metro Mix 200 soil-less media containing 19:6:12 fertilizer (6 lbs/cubic yard) (Metro Mix, Pots and Flat are obtained from Hummert International, Earth City, Mo.). After planting seeds, pots were placed in a growth chamber set at 23° C., relative humidity of 65% with 12 hour day and night photoperiod (300 uE/m2-min). Planted seeds were watered for 20 minute every other day by sub-irrigation and flats were rotated every third day in a growth chamber for growing corn seedlings.

On the 10^(th) day after planting the transgenic positive and wild-type negative (WT) plants were positioned in flats in an alternating pattern. Chlorophyll fluorescence of plants was measured on the 10^(th) day during the dark period of growth by using a PAM-2000 portable fluorometer as per the manufacturer's instructions (Walz, Germany). After chlorophyll measurements, leaf samples from each event were collected for confirming the expression of genes of the present invention. For expression analysis six VI leaf tips from each selection were randomly harvested. The flats were moved to a growth chamber set at 5° C. All other conditions such as humidity, day/night cycle and light intensity were held constant in the growth chamber. The flats were sub-irrigated every day after transfer to the cold temperature. On the 4^(th) day chlorophyll fluorescence was measured. Plants were transferred to normal growth conditions after six days of cold shock treatment and allowed to recover for the next three days. During this recovery period the length of the V3 leaf was measured on the 1^(st) and 3^(rd) days. After two days of recovery V2 leaf damage was determined visually by estimating percent of green V2 leaf.

Statistical differences in V3 leaf growth, V2 leaf necrosis and fluorescence during pre-shock and cold shock can be used for estimation of cold shock damage on corn plants.

-   (3) Early seedling growth assay—Three sets of seeds were used for     the experiment. The first set consists of positive transgenic events     (F1 hybrid) where the genes of the present invention were expressed     in the seed. The second seed set was nontransgenic, wild-type     negative control made from the same genotype as the transgenic     events. The third seed set consisted of two cold tolerant and two     cold sensitive commercial check lines of corn. All seeds were     treated with a fungicide “Captan”,     (3a,4,7,a-tetrahydro-2-[(trichloromethyl)thio]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione,     Drex Chemical Co. Memphis, Tenn.). Captan (0.43 mL) was applied per     45 g of corn seeds by mixing it well and drying the fungicide prior     to the experiment.

Seeds were grown in germination paper for the early seedling growth assay. Three 12″×18″ pieces of germination paper (Anchor Paper #SD7606) were used for each entry in the test (three repetitions per transgenic event). The papers were wetted in a solution of 0.5% KNO₃ and 0.1% Thyram.

For each paper fifteen seeds were placed on the line evenly spaced down the length of the paper. The fifteen seeds were positioned on the paper such that the radical would grow downward, for example longer distance to the paper's edge. The wet paper was rolled up starting from one of the short ends. The paper was rolled evenly and tight enough to hold the seeds in place. The roll was secured into place with two large paper clips, one at the top and one at the bottom. The rolls were incubated in a growth chamber at 23° C. for three days in a randomized complete block design within an appropriate container. The chamber was set for 65% humidity with no light cycle. For the cold stress treatment the rolls were then incubated in a growth chamber at 12° C. for twelve days. The chamber was set for 65% humidity with no light cycle.

After the cold treatment the germination papers were unrolled and the seeds that did not germinate were discarded. The lengths of the radicle and coleoptile for each seed were measured through an automated imaging program that automatically collects and processes the images. The imaging program automatically measures the shoot length, root length, and whole seedling length of every individual seedling and then calculates the average of each roll.

After statistical analysis, the events that show a statistical significance at the p level of less than 0.1 relative to wild-type controls will advance to a secondary cold selection. The secondary cold selection is conducted in the same manner of the primary selection only increasing the number of repetitions to five. Statistical analysis of the data from the secondary selection is conducted to identify the events that show a statistical significance at the p level of less than 0.05 relative to wild-type controls. TABLE 18 Seedlling length Mean PEP Root length Shoot length of SEQ Construct Percent Mean of Percent Mean of Percent con- ID ID Event ID change Mean controls P-value change Mean controls P-value change Mean trols P-value 88 PMON68399 ZM_M31143 −4 9.5 9.85 0.5479 −1 7.94 8.04 0.7666 −3 17.45 17.9 0.6024 PMON68399 ZM_M31143 7 11.15 10.41 0.1158 8 9.42 8.69 0.0536 8 20.57 19.1 0.0607 PMON68399 ZM_M31146 11 11.52 10.41 0.0186 0 8.67 8.69 0.9668 6 20.2 19.1 0.1593 PMON68399 ZM_M31146 14 9.9 8.66 0.011 6 7.37 6.99 0.2969 10 17.27 15.65 0.0396 PMON68399 ZM_M31147 13 11.75 10.41 0.0051 12 9.69 8.69 0.0088 12 21.43 19.1 0.0034 PMON68399 ZM_M31147 14 11.25 9.85 0.0185 4 8.33 8.04 0.3961 9 19.58 17.9 0.0513 PMON68399 ZM_M31152 −20 8.4 10.45 2.00E−04 −7 7.44 7.96 0.3265 −14 15.84 18.41 0.0087 PMON68399 ZM_M31152 1 10.48 10.41 0.8793 6 9.17 8.69 0.1965 3 19.66 19.1 0.4697 PMON68399 ZM_M31524 15 12.01 10.41 9.00E−04 10 9.54 8.69 0.0242 13 21.55 19.1 0.0021 PMON68399 ZM_M31524 12 11.08 9.85 0.0385 8 8.69 8.04 0.0569 11 19.77 17.9 0.0306 PMON68399 ZM_M32356 12 10.99 9.85 0.0533 −1 7.99 8.04 0.8731 6 18.98 17.9 0.2052 PMON68399 ZM_M32356 12 11.7 10.41 0.0068 7 9.32 8.69 0.096 10 21.01 19.1 0.0153 PMON68399 ZM_M34171 −24 8.6 11.39 4.00E−04 −13 7.35 8.48 0.0331 −20 15.95 19.87 0.0016 PMON68399 ZM_M34171 13 11.72 10.41 0.006 6 9.23 8.69 0.1486 10 20.95 19.1 0.0187 PMON68399 ZM_M38646 10 12.63 11.52 0.032 3 10.38 10.05 0.4864 7 23.01 21.57 0.106 PMON68399 ZM_M38660 10 12.68 11.52 0.0249 3 10.37 10.05 0.4953 7 23.06 21.57 0.0947 PMON68399 ZM_M38681 6 12.2 11.52 0.1829 3 10.31 10.05 0.5738 4 22.52 21.57 0.2835 PMON68399 ZM_M38697 7 12.35 11.52 0.1053 0 10.03 10.05 0.9751 4 22.38 21.57 0.3563 PMON68399 ZM_M39295 11 12.84 11.52 0.0115 11 11.12 10.05 0.0264 11 23.97 21.57 0.0084 PMON68399 ZM_M39297 20 13.84 11.52 0 7 10.79 10.05 0.1203 14 24.63 21.57 0.001 PMON68399 ZM_M39298 7 12.29 11.52 0.1342 −1 9.91 10.05 0.7669 3 22.19 21.57 0.4785 PMON68399 ZM_M39299 6 12.17 11.52 0.2051 1 10.13 10.05 0.8674 3 22.29 21.57 0.4118 PMON68399 ZM_M39302 −44 6.44 11.52 0 −31 6.98 10.05 0 −38 13.42 21.57 0 87 PMON72494 ZM_M26428 22 17.55 14.42 0 4 12.4 11.87 0.21 14 29.95 26.29 1.00E−04 PMON72494 ZM_M26428 46 15.57 10.67 0 12 11.3 10.11 0.0033 29 26.86 20.78 0 PMON72494 ZM_M26428 23 14.1 11.43 0 13 9 7.98 0.0704 19 23.1 19.4 8.00E−04 PMON72494 ZM_M26428 −6 10.7 11.43 0.2402 9 8.71 7.98 0.1938 0 19.41 19.4 0.9925 PMON72494 ZM_M26428 3 11.02 10.67 0.5208 9 11.07 10.11 0.0163 6 22.09 20.78 0.1209 PMON72494 ZM_M49327 8 12.13 11.23 0.2163 5 10.44 9.93 0.271 7 22.57 21.16 0.2103 PMON72494 ZM_M49327 17 11.22 9.61 0.0189 4 8.28 7.93 0.5332 11 19.51 17.53 0.0853 PMON72494 ZM_M49327 22 14.04 11.54 4.00E−04 21 9.73 8.06 0.0039 21 23.77 19.59 1.00E−04 PMON72494 ZM_M49328 4 11.7 11.23 0.5112 11 11.03 9.93 0.0196 7 22.74 21.16 0.1618 PMON72494 ZM_M49328 28 12.31 9.61 1.00E−04 17 9.27 7.93 0.0206 23 21.58 17.53 6.00E−04 PMON72494 ZM_M49328 27 14.61 11.54 0 37 11.07 8.06 0 31 25.68 19.59 0 PMON72494 ZM_M60546 −2 12.67 12.95 0.7032 6 9.48 8.95 0.4795 1 22.15 21.91 0.8478 89 PMON73765 ZM_M35084 10 10.56 9.61 0.1621 −2 7.8 7.93 0.8286 5 18.36 17.53 0.4667 PMON73765 ZM_M35084 30 14.51 11.2 1.00E−04 27 9.25 7.27 0.0015 29 23.76 18.46 0 PMON73765 ZM_M54013 42 13.61 9.61 0 13 8.96 7.93 0.0717 29 22.57 17.53 0 PMON73765 ZM_M54013 32 14.78 11.2 0 49 10.82 7.27 0 39 25.6 18.46 0 PMON73765 ZM_M54016 33 12.82 9.61 0 7 8.51 7.93 0.3051 22 21.33 17.53 0.0013 PMON73765 ZM_M54016 34 14.98 11.2 0 39 10.09 7.27 0 36 25.07 18.46 0 91 PMON73816 ZM_M37183 21 12.1 9.96 0.0378 14 10.65 9.35 0.0587 18 22.75 19.31 0.0348 PMON73816 ZM_M37183 33 11.5 8.66 0 21 9.82 8.09 0 27 21.32 16.75 0 PMON73816 ZM_M37188 18 11.78 9.96 0.076 21 11.3 9.35 0.0051 20 23.08 19.31 0.021 PMON73816 ZM_M37188 24 10.71 8.66 0 16 9.41 8.09 3.00E−04 20 20.11 16.75 0 PMON73816 ZM_M37197 30 12.93 9.96 0.0044 6 9.88 9.35 0.4306 18 22.82 19.31 0.0313 PMON73816 ZM_M37197 30 11.26 8.66 0 13 9.11 8.09 0.0047 22 20.37 16.75 0 90 PMON73829 ZM_M37805 29 9.46 7.32 1.00E−04 13 6.58 5.8 0.0171 22 16.04 13.12 1.00E−04 PMON73829 ZM_M37805 18 11.78 9.96 0.076 15 10.74 9.35 0.0436 17 22.52 19.31 0.0484 PMON73829 ZM_M37815 30 12.92 9.96 0.0046 13 10.57 9.35 0.0756 22 23.49 19.31 0.0109 PMON73829 ZM_M37815 11 8.14 7.32 0.1117 13 6.54 5.8 0.0225 12 14.68 13.12 0.0241 PMON73829 ZM_M38768 13 11.26 9.96 0.201 −1 9.25 9.35 0.8842 6 20.51 19.31 0.4543 PMON73829 ZM_M38768 −2 7.2 7.32 0.8084 2 5.93 5.8 0.6854 0 13.13 13.12 0.9914 PMON73829 ZM_M38797 −39 4.49 7.32 0 −19 4.68 5.8 8.00E−04 −30 9.16 13.12 0 PMON73829 ZM_M38797 −11 8.83 9.96 0.2685 0 9.36 9.35 0.9827 −6 18.2 19.31 0.4895 PMON73829 ZM_M38798 −62 3.75 9.96 0 −35 6.07 9.35 0 −49 9.82 19.31 0 PMON73829 ZM_M38798 −50 3.67 7.32 0 −41 3.41 5.8 0 −46 7.08 13.12 0 PMON73829 ZM_M39692 3 7.54 7.32 0.6671 −3 5.62 5.8 0.5857 0 13.16 13.12 0.9475 PMON73829 ZM_M39692 17 11.69 9.96 0.0919 3 9.59 9.35 0.7181 10 21.28 19.31 0.2211 92 PMON75305 ZM_M35696 26 14.78 11.77 0 18 11.74 9.97 3.00E−04 22 26.52 21.74 0 PMON75305 ZM_M35696 33 11.51 8.66 0 15 9.33 8.09 7.00E−04 24 20.84 16.75 0 PMON75305 ZM_M36703 27 14.94 11.77 0 13 11.25 9.97 0.007 20 26.19 21.74 0 PMON75305 ZM_M36703 40 12.15 8.66 0 22 9.84 8.09 0 31 21.99 16.75 0 PMON75305 ZM_M36711 26 14.88 11.77 0 9 10.91 9.97 0.0455 19 25.78 21.74 2.00E−04 PMON75305 ZM_M36711 35 11.68 8.66 0 16 9.38 8.09 4.00E−04 26 21.06 16.75 0 93 PMON75306 ZM_M35601 29 11.19 8.66 0 33 10.76 8.09 0 31 21.94 16.75 0 PMON75306 ZM_M35601 11 13.05 11.77 0.0507 12 11.2 9.97 0.0097 11 24.24 21.74 0.0159 PMON75306 ZM_M35604 24 14.64 11.77 0 16 11.57 9.97 9.00E−04 21 26.21 21.74 0 PMON75306 ZM_M35604 42 12.29 8.66 0 35 10.92 8.09 0 39 23.21 16.75 0 PMON75306 ZM_M35605 47 12.72 8.66 0 30 10.49 8.09 0 39 23.2 16.75 0 PMON75306 ZM_M35605 18 13.92 11.77 0.0013 22 12.12 9.97 0 20 26.04 21.74 1.00E−04 94 PMON75309 ZM_M35865 21 10.45 8.66 0 3 8.3 8.09 0.5545 12 18.75 16.75 0.0017 PMON75309 ZM_M35865 22 11.75 9.66 0.0038 17 10.68 9.1 0.0064 20 22.43 18.76 0.0031 PMON75309 ZM_M35878 23 10.6 8.66 0 26 10.17 8.09 0 24 20.78 16.75 0 PMON75309 ZM_M35878 18 11.38 9.66 0.0163 13 10.3 9.1 0.0362 16 21.68 18.76 0.017 PMON75309 ZM_M36160 19 11.51 9.66 0.0099 19 10.79 9.1 0.0037 19 22.31 18.76 0.0041 PMON75309 ZM_M36160 32 11.41 8.66 0 19 9.6 8.09 0 25 21.01 16.75 0 95 PMON75312 ZM_M35649 22 14.37 11.77 1.00E−04 12 11.18 9.97 0.0107 18 25.55 21.74 3.00E−04 PMON75312 ZM_M35649 28 11.06 8.66 0 13 9.15 8.09 0.0034 21 20.21 16.75 0 PMON75312 ZM_M37099 9 9.46 8.66 0.0458 13 9.11 8.09 0.0049 11 18.57 16.75 0.0042 PMON75312 ZM_M37099 23 14.42 11.77 1.00E−04 10 10.97 9.97 0.0343 17 25.39 21.74 6.00E−04 PMON75312 ZM_M37100 37 11.9 8.66 0 22 9.83 8.09 0 30 21.73 16.75 0 PMON75312 ZM_M37100 9 12.85 11.77 0.0979 5 10.45 9.97 0.3064 7 23.29 21.74 0.1298 101 PMON75515 ZM_M43539 26 12.88 10.19 0 13 10.12 8.98 0.0097 20 23 19.17 0 PMON75515 ZM_M43546 −3 9.87 10.19 0.5762 −5 8.55 8.98 0.3141 −4 18.43 19.17 0.3786 PMON75515 ZM_M50136 16 10.41 8.98 0.0441 14 7.42 6.51 0.2064 15 17.84 15.48 0.085 PMON75515 ZM_M50136 24 13.2 10.68 0.0015 25 9.27 7.42 0.0053 24 22.47 18.1 4.00E−04 PMON75515 ZM_M50142 25 11.25 8.98 0.0018 17 7.61 6.51 0.1294 22 18.87 15.48 0.0145 PMON75515 ZM_M50142 31 13.94 10.68 1.00E−04 35 10 7.42 1.00E−04 32 23.94 18.1 0 105 PMON75524 ZM_M47998 17 11.23 9.61 0.0452 35 9.69 7.17 0.0012 25 20.91 16.79 0.0043 PMON75524 ZM_M47998 15 13.3 11.54 0.0101 38 11.15 8.06 0 25 24.45 19.59 0 PMON75524 ZM_M48003 4 9.99 9.61 0.6366 9 7.78 7.17 0.4187 6 17.77 16.79 0.4837 PMON75524 ZM_M48003 28 14.77 11.54 0 15 9.22 8.06 0.0414 22 24 19.59 1.00E−04 PMON75524 ZM_M48004 19 11.44 9.61 0.0245 29 9.24 7.17 0.007 23 20.68 16.79 0.0069 PMON75524 ZM_M48004 5 12.11 11.54 0.3919 1 8.17 8.06 0.8374 4 20.28 19.59 0.5062 PMON75524 ZM_M48005 18 11.37 9.61 0.0303 19 8.57 7.17 0.0654 19 19.93 16.79 0.0276 PMON75524 ZM_M48005 33 15.38 11.54 0 29 10.4 8.06 1.00E−04 32 25.78 19.59 0 PMON75524 ZM_M48007 20 11.51 9.61 0.0195 7 7.66 7.17 0.5152 14 19.17 16.79 0.0927 PMON75524 ZM_M48007 28 14.78 11.54 0 46 11.78 8.06 0 36 26.55 19.59 0 PMON75524 ZM_M48010 22 11.77 9.61 0.0083 12 8.05 7.17 0.2443 18 19.81 16.79 0.0339 PMON75524 ZM_M48010 18 13.62 11.54 0.0026 25 10.08 8.06 6.00E−04 21 23.7 19.59 2.00E−04 107 PMON75533 ZM_M47453 55 14.93 9.61 0 54 11.03 7.17 0 55 25.96 16.79 0 PMON75533 ZM_M47453 39 14.99 10.8 0 44 10.24 7.12 0 41 25.23 17.92 0 PMON75533 ZM_M47460 15 11.03 9.61 0.0782 5 7.53 7.17 0.63 11 18.56 16.79 0.208 PMON75533 ZM_M47460 36 14.65 10.8 0 21 8.6 7.12 0.0037 30 23.25 17.92 0 PMON75533 ZM_M49275 23 11.82 9.61 0.0069 20 8.58 7.17 0.0636 22 20.4 16.79 0.0119 PMON75533 ZM_M49275 30 14.09 10.8 0 21 8.65 7.12 0.0028 27 22.74 17.92 0 PMON75533 ZM_M49278 14 10.96 9.61 0.093 7 7.68 7.17 0.4982 11 18.64 16.79 0.1885 PMON75533 ZM_M49278 18 12.79 10.8 0.0014 13 8.01 7.12 0.0757 16 20.8 17.92 0.0023 114 PMON75980 ZM_M53387 17 13.08 11.23 0.0122 11 10.99 9.93 0.0247 14 24.08 21.16 0.0109 PMON75980 ZM_M53389 13 12.69 11.23 0.0463 9 10.85 9.93 0.0503 11 23.54 21.16 0.0363 PMON75980 ZM_M53390 5 11.8 11.23 0.4269 4 10.33 9.93 0.3908 5 22.13 21.16 0.3859 PMON75980 ZM_M53392 20 13.42 11.23 0.0033 13 11.19 9.93 0.0079 16 24.62 21.16 0.0028 PMON75980 ZM_M53396 14 12.75 11.23 0.0383 4 10.38 9.93 0.338 9 23.12 21.16 0.0831 PMON75980 ZM_M53397 6 11.92 11.23 0.3398 −4 9.59 9.93 0.455 2 21.51 21.16 0.7576 PMON75980 ZM_M53398 4 11.66 11.23 0.5533 3 10.27 9.93 0.4659 4 21.93 21.16 0.4944 113 PMON78232 ZM_M55911 −3 12.1 12.44 0.652 12 9.85 8.82 0.1004 3 21.94 21.27 0.5616 PMON78232 ZM_M55911 −5 13.18 13.83 0.3591 2 9.43 9.27 0.8057 −2 22.61 23.09 0.6774 PMON78232 ZM_M56069 14 14.13 12.44 0.031 7 9.44 8.82 0.3213 11 23.56 21.27 0.0511 PMON78232 ZM_M56069 11 15.39 13.83 0.0296 12 10.38 9.27 0.0932 12 25.77 23.09 0.0237 PMON78232 ZM_M56206 −14 10.75 12.44 0.0307 −9 8 8.82 0.1837 −12 18.75 21.27 0.0333 PMON78232 ZM_M56206 1 14.03 13.83 0.7776 5 9.73 9.27 0.4808 3 23.76 23.09 0.5663 PMON78232 ZM_M56428 12 13.9 12.44 0.0606 11 9.83 8.82 0.1065 12 23.73 21.27 0.0367 PMON78232 ZM_M56428 13 15.55 13.83 0.0164 18 10.91 9.27 0.0143 15 26.46 23.09 0.0048 106 PMON79163 ZM_M45011 16 11.88 10.25 0.0215 7 8.54 8 0.4508 12 20.42 18.26 0.0941 PMON79163 ZM_M45011 20 12.98 10.8 0.0017 23 8.74 7.12 0.0046 21 21.71 17.92 4.00E−04 PMON79163 ZM_M48217 16 11.89 10.25 0.0213 18 9.42 8 0.0487 17 21.3 18.26 0.0197 PMON79163 ZM_M48217 28 13.81 10.8 0 20 8.51 7.12 0.0062 24 22.32 17.92 0 98 PMON79174 ZM_M47171 13 11.58 10.25 0.0602 20 9.61 8 0.0259 16 21.18 18.26 0.0247 PMON79174 ZM_M47171 28 13.84 10.8 0 24 8.82 7.12 0.001 26 22.65 17.92 0 PMON79174 ZM_M47941 18 12.09 10.25 0.0101 6 8.48 8 0.4971 13 20.57 18.26 0.0734 PMON79174 ZM_M47941 25 13.53 10.8 0 16 8.24 7.12 0.026 21 21.77 17.92 1.00E−04 99 PMON79413 ZM_M48525 44 13.83 9.61 0 30 9.34 7.17 0.0049 38 23.17 16.79 0 PMON79413 ZM_M48525 26 13.66 10.8 0 32 9.41 7.12 0 29 23.07 17.92 0 PMON79413 ZM_M50333 25 12.05 9.61 0.0031 25 8.95 7.17 0.0197 25 21 16.79 0.0036 PMON79413 ZM_M50333 27 13.75 10.8 0 34 9.55 7.12 0 30 23.3 17.92 0 PMON79413 ZM_M53171 18 11.34 9.61 0.0331 27 9.13 7.17 0.0107 22 20.46 16.79 0.0106 PMON79413 ZM_M53171 21 13.04 10.8 3.00E−04 37 9.78 7.12 0 27 22.82 17.92 0 112 PMON79447 ZM_M53825 16 12.45 10.71 0.0079 17 9.12 7.83 0.0281 16 21.57 18.53 0.0077 PMON79447 ZM_M53825 30 14.57 11.2 1.00E−04 34 9.75 7.27 1.00E−04 32 24.32 18.46 0 PMON79447 ZM_M53826 11 11.87 10.71 0.0705 0 7.84 7.83 0.9839 6 19.71 18.53 0.2903 PMON79447 ZM_M53826 34 15 11.2 0 42 10.31 7.27 0 37 25.32 18.46 0 PMON79447 ZM_M53835 6 11.31 10.71 0.342 −5 7.42 7.83 0.4779 1 18.73 18.53 0.8568 PMON79447 ZM_M53835 32 14.83 11.2 0 47 10.66 7.27 0 38 25.49 18.46 0 4. Cold Field Efficacy Trial

This example sets forth a cold field efficacy trial to identify gene constructs that confer enhanced cold vigor at germination and early seedling growth under early spring planting field conditions in conventional-till and simulated no-till environments. Seeds are planted into the ground around two weeks before local farmers are beginning to plant corn so that a significant cold stress is exerted onto the crop, named as cold treatment. Seeds also are planted under local optimal planting conditions such that the crop has little or no exposure to cold condition, named as normal treatment. The cold field efficacy trials are carried out in five locations, including Glyndon Minn. Mason Mich., Monmouth Ill., Dayton Iowa, Mystic Conn. At each location, seeds are planted under both cold and normal conditions with 3 repetitions per treatment, 20 kernels per row and single row per plot. Seeds are planted 1.5 to 2 inch deep into soil to avoid muddy conditions. Two temperature monitors are set up at each location to monitor both air and soil temperature daily.

Seed emergence is defined as the point when the growing shoot breaks the soil surface. The number of emerged seedling in each plot is counted everyday from the day the earliest plot begins to emerge until no significant changes in emergence occur. In addition, for each planting date, the latest date when emergence is 0 in all plots is also recorded. Seedling vigor is also rated at V3-V4 stage before the average of corn plant height reaches 10 inches, with 1=excellent early growth, 5=Average growth and 9=poor growth. Days to 50% emergence, maximum percent emergence and seedling vigor are calculated using SAS software for the data within each location or across all locations.

The following table lists the data that were collected and analyzed based on the procedure illustrated above. The analyzed data across all locations only include those from Glyndon Minn., Mason Mich., and Mystic Conn. TABLE 19 Days to 50% Emergence Maximum Percent Emergence Across Black Across Black PEP SEQ ID Dirt Trts Warm Trts Mason_Trt 2 Glyndon_Trt 2 Mystic_Trt 2 Dirt Trts Warm Trts Mason_Trt 2 Glyndon_Trt 2 Mystic_Trt 2 construct Event1 Delta P value Delta P value Delta P value Delta P value Delta P value Delta P value Delta P value Delta P value Delta P value Delta P value 88 ZM_M31146 1.46 0.106 0.04 0.979 0.51 0.755 2.17 0.079 0.99 0.551 −2.7 0.428 1.42 0.601 0.19 0.97 −7.53 0.125 4.07 0.503 pMON68399 ZM_M31147 1.29 0.153 0.34 0.81 0.59 0.721 1.47 0.234 1.64 0.322 −6.31 0.064 −5.8 0.033 −6.48 0.184 −9.75 0.047 0.74 0.903 ZM_M31524 −0.41 0.649 0.23 0.873 −2.09 0.205 −0.13 0.919 0.69 0.676 −2.7 0.428 −1.91 0.481 5.19 0.288 −4.2 0.393 −7.59 0.212 ZM_M32356 −0.21 0.814 0.33 0.815 −1.18 0.472 −1.59 0.197 3.52 0.034 3.55 0.297 −1.91 0.481 8.52 0.081 5.8 0.237 −5.93 0.33 Construct 0.53 0.302 0.24 0.772 −0.54 0.563 0.48 0.495 1.71 0.071 −2.04 0.293 −2.05 0.185 1.85 0.505 −3.92 0.161 −2.18 0.53 90 ZM_M37805 0.95 0.293 −0.04 0.977 −0.4 0.808 2.28 0.065 −0.35 0.831 −4.18 0.22 5.83 0.032 1.67 0.733 −9.01 0.067 −0.37 0.951 pMON73829 ZM_M37815 −1.24 0.169 0.06 0.965 −0.84 0.611 −1.4 0.258 −1.35 0.417 4.71 0.167 −3.62 0.183 8.33 0.088 2.1 0.669 6.3 0.301 ZM_M38768 2.79 0.002 0.7 0.621 0.64 0.696 2.11 0.087 6.3 0 −6.27 0.066 −2.51 0.356 −1.67 0.733 −5.68 0.247 −12.04 0.048 Construct 0.83 0.145 0.24 0.788 −0.2 0.849 1 0.2 1.53 0.144 −1.91 0.374 −0.1 0.954 2.78 0.368 −4.2 0.177 −2.04 0.596 92 ZM_M35696 1.75 0.053 0.14 0.922 −1.93 0.24 4.17 0.001 0.61 0.715 −5.02 0.141 2.49 0.359 10 0.041 −12.35 0.012 −5.37 0.377 pMON75305 ZM_M36703 −0.47 0.603 0.4 0.777 −2.34 0.155 −0.83 0.502 2.12 0.202 0.4 0.906 −1.95 0.473 6.67 0.172 0.99 0.841 −7.04 0.248 ZM_M36711 −0.92 0.31 0.32 0.823 −1.23 0.454 −1.5 0.223 0.57 0.731 3.6 0.291 1.38 0.611 1.67 0.733 6.54 0.183 −0.37 0.951 Construct 0.12 0.832 0.29 0.749 −1.84 0.078 0.61 0.432 1.1 0.295 −0.34 0.875 0.64 0.709 6.11 0.048 −1.6 0.605 −4.26 0.268 93 ZM_M35601 −0.53 0.56 −0.36 0.803 −0.25 0.877 −0.22 0.861 −1.42 0.392 −2.52 0.46 3.6 0.185 1.67 0.733 −5.68 0.247 −0.37 0.951 pMON75306 ZM_M35604 −0.92 0.309 0.45 0.752 0.1 0.951 −1.89 0.125 −0 1 3.04 0.372 −3.06 0.26 5 0.305 5.43 0.269 −3.7 0.543 ZM_M35605 1.46 0.105 −0.08 0.958 −0.74 0.654 2.89 0.019 0.82 0.623 −3.49 0.306 −1.4 0.607 8.33 0.088 −10.12 0.039 −2.04 0.738 Construct 0.01 0.992 0.01 0.994 −0.3 0.776 0.26 0.738 −0.2 0.847 −0.99 0.647 −0.28 0.869 5 0.105 −3.46 0.266 −2.04 0.596 94 ZM_M35865 −0.31 0.735 −0.27 0.849 −2.91 0.078 0.25 0.84 1.18 0.475 −2.1 0.538 −3.06 0.315 1.67 0.733 −2.35 0.633 −5.37 0.377 pMON75309 ZM_M35878 −0.1 0.916 0.33 0.817 0.3 0.858 −0.48 0.698 0.28 0.867 −0.99 0.772 1.38 0.611 −0 1 −0.12 0.98 −3.7 0.543 ZM_M36160 −0.58 0.519 −0.46 0.748 −1.84 0.264 −0.65 0.597 0.81 0.625 0.82 0.81 1.38 0.611 8.33 0.088 0.99 0.841 −7.04 0.248 Construct −0.33 0.566 −0.13 0.882 −1.48 0.155 −0.29 0.707 0.76 0.47 −0.76 0.726 −0.1 0.955 3.33 0.28 −0.49 0.874 −5.37 0.163 107 ZM_M49275 −3.72 0.001 2.39 0.343 −5.47 0.004 −5.14 0 X X 10.25 0.019 5.28 0.274 17.5 0.002 15 0.009 X X pMON75533 ZM_M49278 −2.37 0.042 2.08 0.409 −7.87 0 −1.9 0.185 X X 4.88 0.265 −1.39 0.773 19.17 0.001 6.11 0.284 X X Construct −3.04 0.001 2.24 0.241 −6.67 0 −3.52 0.003 X X 7.56 0.03 1.94 0.594 18.33 0 10.56 0.024 X X 119 ZM_M53641 1.25 0.166 0.04 0.978 2.88 0.081 −0.31 0.804 2.74 0.099 −1.27 0.71 1.38 0.611 5 0.305 0.99 0.841 −12.04 0.048 pMON78235 ZM_M53994 −0.56 0.536 −0.13 0.926 −1.04 0.526 0.06 0.962 −1.31 0.429 1.65 0.628 −1.4 0.607 3.33 0.494 0.99 0.841 1.3 0.831 ZM_M53997 −0.8 0.376 0.11 0.937 0.38 0.816 −1.82 0.139 0.07 0.968 5.26 0.122 3.05 0.262 1.67 0.733 9.88 0.044 −0.37 0.951 Construct −0.04 0.95 0.01 0.994 0.74 0.478 −0.69 0.376 0.5 0.635 1.88 0.382 1.01 0.557 3.33 0.28 3.95 0.203 −3.7 0.336 104 ZM_M45248 −1.52 0.211 2.65 0.294 −4.77 0.013 −2.01 0.188 X X −3.09 0.481 1.94 0.687 10.83 0.056 −1.67 0.77 X X pMON78936 ZM_M45274 −3.87 0.001 2.58 0.307 −5 0.009 −5.59 0 X X 9.88 0.024 6.94 0.15 14.17 0.013 16.11 0.005 X X Construct −2.69 0.004 2.61 0.171 −4.89 0.002 −3.8 0.002 X X 3.39 0.331 4.44 0.223 12.5 0.007 7.22 0.121 X X 110 ZM_M50823 −2 0.057 −0.17 0.921 −5.85 0.002 −2.51 0.08 2.87 0.136 4.65 0.24 −0.83 0.792 10.83 0.056 7.22 0.206 −6.67 0.346 pMON79425 ZM_M50856 0.01 0.993 −0.6 0.714 −5.19 0.007 −0.31 0.839 6.23 0.001 −6.88 0.082 −0.83 0.792 5.83 0.304 −8.33 0.144 −16.67 0.019 ZM_M51300 −1.91 0.068 −0.02 0.989 −4.43 0.021 −2.42 0.091 1.61 0.402 3.54 0.371 −0.83 0.792 4.17 0.462 8.33 0.144 −6.67 0.346 ZM_M51302 −3.5 0.001 −0.21 0.899 −6.08 0.002 −5.38 0 2.85 0.139 12.85 0.001 0.83 0.792 14.17 0.013 19.44 0.001 −1.67 0.814 ZM_M51313 −4.06 0 −0.12 0.94 −4.16 0.03 −5.38 0 −1.31 0.496 9.51 0.016 −0.83 0.792 15.83 0.005 12.78 0.025 −3.33 0.637 ZM_M51608 −2.84 0.007 −0.27 0.87 −3.74 0.051 −4.88 0.001 2.15 0.265 5.49 0.166 0.83 0.792 10.83 0.056 7.22 0.206 −3.33 0.637 ZM_M51623 −2.09 0.047 −0.15 0.926 −5.14 0.007 −3.15 0.028 3.09 0.11 1.6 0.687 3.06 0.333 17.5 0.002 2.78 0.626 −16.67 0.019 Construct −2.34 0.001 −0.22 0.838 −4.94 0 −3.43 0 2.5 0.048 4.39 0.09 0.2 0.923 11.31 0.002 7.06 0.059 −7.86 0.09 116 ZM_M53939 −2.66 0.022 2.55 0.313 −3.3 0.085 −4.63 0.001 X X 6.36 0.147 1.94 0.687 12.5 0.028 11.67 0.041 X X pMON79697 ZM_M54371 −1.02 0.378 2.71 0.282 −3.56 0.063 −2.04 0.154 X X 0.06 0.989 3.61 0.454 2.5 0.659 7.22 0.206 X X ZM_M54374 −2.79 0.016 2.67 0.29 −4.36 0.023 −4.3 0.003 X X 10.06 0.022 −1.39 0.773 12.5 0.028 17.22 0.003 X X Construct −2.16 0.01 2.64 0.11 −3.74 0.009 −3.66 0.001 X X 5.49 0.081 1.39 0.66 9.17 0.03 12.04 0.005 X X 111 ZM_M51598 −2.19 0.071 2.23 0.376 −4.51 0.019 −3.25 0.033 X X 4.13 0.345 −1.39 0.773 19.17 0.001 5 0.381 X X pMON79718 ZM_M52937 −1.8 0.138 3.07 0.224 −5.32 0.006 −2.14 0.162 X X −1.42 0.745 6.94 0.15 15.83 0.005 −1.67 0.77 X X Construct −2 0.037 2.65 0.165 −4.92 0.002 −2.69 0.028 X X 1.36 0.698 2.78 0.446 17.5 0 1.67 0.72 X X 120 ZM_M53455 0.14 0.873 0.29 0.838 3.04 0.065 −1.71 0.166 0.95 0.565 1.65 0.628 −1.95 0.473 −3.33 0.494 7.65 0.119 −5.37 0.377 pMON80452 ZM_M53456 −0.56 0.532 −0.51 0.719 0.97 0.555 −1.18 0.337 −0.86 0.602 3.04 0.372 0.27 0.921 −5 0.305 8.77 0.074 −0.37 0.951 ZM_M53694 0.88 0.332 0.25 0.859 2.06 0.211 1.04 0.401 −0.62 0.706 −0.15 0.964 0.83 0.761 −1.67 0.733 −0.12 0.98 1.3 0.831 ZM_M53695 1.47 0.104 0 0.998 3.07 0.062 0.22 0.857 2.37 0.154 −3.9 0.252 1.38 0.611 1.67 0.733 −3.46 0.481 −10.37 0.089 ZM_M53696 0.95 0.295 −0.2 0.888 0.46 0.78 0.74 0.55 1.85 0.265 0.96 0.779 2.49 0.359 6.67 0.172 2.1 0.669 −7.04 0.248 Construct 0.57 0.23 −0.03 0.965 1.92 0.028 −0.18 0.783 0.74 0.402 0.32 0.86 0.6 0.675 −0.33 0.897 2.99 0.25 −4.37 0.175 118 ZM_M53218 −1.55 0.087 −0.02 0.988 −3.54 0.032 −2.09 0.09 1.55 0.351 3.46 0.31 −0.84 0.757 8.33 0.088 8.77 0.074 −12.04 0.048 pMON80461 ZM_M53235 −1.42 0.117 0.34 0.808 −0.5 0.761 −1.86 0.131 −1.44 0.386 3.6 0.291 0.83 0.761 −3.33 0.494 9.88 0.044 −2.04 0.738 ZM_M53848 −0.36 0.69 −0.02 0.988 −1.11 0.5 −0.6 0.624 0.88 0.595 4.98 0.143 3.05 0.262 6.67 0.172 7.65 0.119 −2.04 0.738 ZM_M54282 −0.98 0.279 0.16 0.909 −3.97 0.016 0.32 0.796 −0.58 0.727 −0.57 0.867 −3.62 0.183 6.67 0.172 −3.46 0.481 −2.04 0.738 ZM_M54284 −1.06 0.24 0.05 0.972 −0.35 0.832 −1.21 0.328 −1.49 0.37 4.98 0.143 −1.19 0.679 10 0.041 0.99 0.841 7.96 0.191 Construct −1.07 0.025 0.1 0.891 −1.89 0.03 −1.09 0.095 −0.21 0.806 3.29 0.068 −0.35 0.807 5.67 0.028 4.77 0.067 −2.04 0.527 E. Screens for Transgenic Plant Seeds with Increased Protein and/or Oil Levels

This example sets forth a high-throughput selection for identifying plant seeds with improvement in seed composition using the Infratec 1200 series Grain Analyzer, which is a near-infrared transmittance spectrometer used to determine the composition of a bulk seed sample. Near infrared analysis is a non-destructive, high-throughput method that can analyze multiple traits in a single sample scan. An NIR calibration for the analytes of interest is used to predict the values of an unknown sample. The NIR spectrum is obtained for the sample and compared to the calibration using a complex chemometric software package that provides a predicted values as well as information on how well the sample fits in the calibration. Infratec Model 1221, 1225, or 1227 with transport module by Foss North America is used with cuvette, item #1000-4033, Foss North America or for small samples with small cell cuvette, Foss standard cuvette modified by Leon Girard Co. Corn and soy check samples of varying composition maintained in check cell cuvettes are supplied by Leon Girard Co. NIT collection software is provided by Maximum Consulting Inc. Software. Calculations are preformed automatically by the software. Seed samples are received in packets or containers with barcode labels from the customer. The seed is poured into the cuvettes and analyzed as received. TABLE 20 Typical sample(s): Whole grain corn and soybean seeds Analytical time to run Less than 0.75 min per sample method: Total elapsed time per run: 1.5 minute per sample Typical and minimum sample Corn typical: 50 cc; minimum 30 cc size: Soybean typical: 50 cc; minimum 5 cc Typical analytical range: Determined in part by the specific calibration. Corn - moisture 5-15%, oil 5-20%, protein 5-30%, starch 50-75%, and density 1.0-1.3%. Soybean - moisture 5-15%, oil 15-25%, and protein 35-50%.

TABLE 21 Kernel Protein Content of Transgenic plant seeds in Midwest Hybrid Trials in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Hybrid 2003 Hybrid 2004 Hybrid 2005 PEP Mean Mean Mean Mean SEQ Trans- Mean % Trans- Mean % Trans- Con- % ID Construct Event genic Control^(a) Change Pvalue genic Control^(a) Change Pvalue genic trol^(b) Change Pvalue 84 PMON69462 ZM_M17475 9.2 8.7 6.9 0.00 8.8 8.1 8.8 0.00 9.5 9.0 6.4 0.00 PMON69462 ZM_M17512 9.4 8.7 8.0 0.00 8.9 8.1 10.3 0.00 9.6 9.0 6.8 0.00 PMON69462 ZM_M19779 8.6 8.7 −1.1 0.37 8.0 8.1 −1.8 0.20 — — — — PMON69462 ZM_M19792 8.9 8.7 2.3 0.17 8.1 8.1 −0.1 0.92 — — — — PMON69462 ZM_M19775 8.5 8.7 −2.3 0.17 8.0 8.1 −1.4 0.32 — — — — PMON69462 ZM_M19755 — — — — 8.1 8.1 0.3 0.83 8.7 9.0 −2.5 0.09 PMON69462 ZM_M19263 — — — — 7.9 8.1 −2.1 0.12 — — — — PMON69462 ZM_M19752 — — — — 8.1 8.1 0.0 0.97 — — — — 126 PMON83769 ZM_M75771 — — — — — — — — 9.6 9.1 5.9 0.00 PMON83769 ZM_M73623 — — — — — — — — 9.1 9.1 0.2 0.92 PMON83769 ZM_M73624 — — — — — — — — 9.8 9.1 7.7 0.00 PMON83769 ZM_M74392 — — — — — — — — 9.6 9.1 5.0 0.00 PMON83769 ZM_M74394 — — — — — — — — 9.9 9.1 8.8 0.00 PMON83769 ZM_M74395 — — — — — — — — 9.5 9.1 4.5 0.01 PMON83769 ZM_M75255 — — — — — — — — 9.8 9.1 8.0 0.00 PMON83769 ZM_M75260 — — — — — — — — 9.5 9.1 4.1 0.01 124 PMON80868 ZM_M59335 — — — — — — — — 9.2 9.0 2.1 0.24 PMON80868 ZM_M59391 — — — — — — — — 9.3 9.0 3.0 0.10 PMON80868 ZM_M59764 — — — — — — — — 9.0 9.0 0.0 0.98 Kernel protein reported on a 100% dry matter basis ^(a)Control for 2003 and 2004 was recurrent parent ^(b)Control for 2005 trial was pollinator for pMON69462 and recurrent parent for pMON83769 and pMON80868

TABLE 22 Kernel Protein Content of Transgenic plant seeds in Hawaii Inbred Trials^(a) PEP SEQ Mean Mean ID Construct Event Year Transgenic Control^(b) % Change Pvalue 84 PMON69462 ZM_M17475 2002 14.2 10.7 32.7 0.02 PMON69462 ZM_M17512 2002 12.6 11.8 6.8 0.10 PMON69462 ZM_M19779 2002 11.4 10.7 6.5 0.10 PMON69462 ZM_M19792 2002 12.5 11.6 7.8 0.10 PMON69462 ZM_M19775 2002 12.9 11.9 8.4 0.10 PMON69462 ZM_M19755 2003 12.0 11.3 6.4 0.44 PMON69462 ZM_M19263 2003 10.8 11.0 −2.2 0.77 PMON69462 ZM_M19752 2003 11.1 11.9 −7.0 0.23 PMON69462 ZM_M19270 2002 13.0 10.5 23.8 0.02 PMON69462 ZM_M19781 2002 12.4 10.3 20.4 0.02 PMON69462 ZM_M19257 2003 12.7 11.4 11.4 0.30 126 PMON83769 ZM_M73624 2004 13.4 9.4 42.9 0.00 PMON83769 ZM_M74380 2004 11.9 11.7 1.4 0.88 PMON83769 ZM_M74392 2004 10.7 12.0 −10.5 0.21 PMON83769 ZM_M74394 2004 11.8 10.7 10.5 0.05 PMON83769 ZM_M74395 2004 13.6 11.8 14.8 0.00 PMON83769 ZM_M75255 2004 12.5 11.0 13.2 0.27 PMON83769 ZM_M75771 2004 12.3 12.5 −2.2 0.83 124 PMON80868 ZM_M59335 2004 13.3 12.1 10.4 0.07 PMON80868 ZM_M59764 2004 12.8 11.5 10.8 0.27 PMON80868 ZM_M59765 2004 13.7 11.8 15.5 0.00 ^(a)kernel protein reported on a 100% dry matter basis ^(b)Control was negative isoline for each event

EXAMPLE 6

This example illustrates the preparation of transgenic plant cells containing recombinant DNA (SEQ ID NO:82) expressing a maize phytochrome A protein (PHYA). A full-length cDNA encoding a corn PHYA protein was cloned from corn. The cDNA clone contained 3396 bp of nucleotides encoding a 1131 amino acid PHYA protein with molecular weight at 125.2 kD. Based on the cDNA sequences, primers were designed to clone a genomic DNA, illustrated in FIG. 1, from a maize inbred LH172 genomic library. Recombinant DNA comprising a rice actin promoter operably linked to the genomic DNA encoding the corn PHYA protein followed by a Hsp 17 terminator was inserted into transformation vector of pMON74916 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10030. Corn plant cells were transformed with recombinant DNA expressing PHA using pMON74916 and used to regenerate a population of transgenic plants. Transgenic plants were regenerated from about 100 events of transformed plant cells; plants from 90 of the events with various expression levels were selected for pollination to produce R1and F1 seeds; and plants from 31 events were selected for screening for an enhanced trait.

Seed Germination and Seedling Development

Five events were selected to be analyzed phenotypic effect on seed germination and seedling development in the dark condition along with other transgenic material. 12 inbred seeds of each wild-type and transgenic maize events were germinated in a wetted and rolled germination paper in a complete dark growth chamber for 10 days. The length of mesocotyl, coleoptiles and root were measured for every seedling. The transgenic maize seedlings were identified showing great elongation growth of both mesocotyl and expanded coleoptiles imparted from recombinant DNA expressing PHYA protein as compared to non-transgenic controls. Density Study

Transgenic plants were grown in fields at three densities: high density at 42,000 plants per acre; medium density at 35,000 plants per acre; and low density at 28,000 plants per acre. Plants from three plant cell events expressing PHYA were selected for studying physiological and yield responses to different densities. The physiological data from the density trial Y1130 is summarized in the Table 23 shown below. Event ZM_S83483 under high planting density showed significant decrease in plant height, ear height, and internode length and had a significant increase in chlorophyll content. TABLE 23 Low Density YI130 JV 2004 High Density YI130 JV 2004 Internode Photo Event ID Plant Height Ear Height Stem Diameter Length Plant Height Ear Height Internode Length SPAD rate ZM_S83483 not Significant not Significant not Significant increase not Significant NA significant Decrease significant Decrease significant Decrease significant Increase P = 0.727 P = 0.085 P = 0.9436 P = 0.0370 P = 0.5866 P = 0.0185 P = 0.2412 P = 0.0762 ZM_S83897 not decrease not not Significant Significant not not Significant Significant significant significant significant Increase Decrease significant significant Decrease Decrease P = 0.8778 P = 0.1937 P = 0.2517 P = 0.0421 P = 0.0306 P = 0.6542 P = 0.5206 P = 0.0153 ZM_S83907 Highly increase not Significant Highly Significant Significant not increase not not Significant significant Increase Significant Increase Increase significant significant significant Increase P = 0.2426 P = 0.0633 Increase P = 0.0016 P = 0.015 P = 0.898 P = 0.3208 P = 0.0021 P = 0.001 Kernel Trait Analysis

As shown in Table 24, events ZM_S83444, ZM_S83446, ZM_S83473, ZM_S83480, ZM_S83483, and ZM_S83907 show significant increases in single kernel weight. Event ZM_S83452 shows significant increases in single kernel weight and total kernel weight. The screening data show that plant cells with stably-integrated, non-natural, recombinant DNA expressing a phytochrome A protein can be regenerated into plants exhibiting increased yield as compared to control plants. event Trait Mean_TRAN Mean_CON TRAN − CON % change Pvalue Result ZM_S83416 Total kernel weight, g 151.3 140.21 11.09 8 0.1452 Non Signifincant Total kernel number 876 830.22 45.78 6 0.3118 Non Signifincant Singel kernel weight, g 0.17 0.17 0.01 6 0.3551 Non Signifincant ZM_S83444 Total kernel weight, g 147.14 144.65 2.49 2 0.753 Non Signifincant Total kernel number 664.38 930.47 −266.1 −29 0 Highly Significant Singel kernel weight, g 0.25 0.16 0.09 56 0 Highly Significant ZM_S83446 Total kernel weight, g 152.12 158.27 −6.15 −4 0.3931 Non Signifincant Total kernel number 718.88 918.94 −200.07 −22 0 Highly Significant Singel kernel weight, g 0.2 0.17 0.03 18 0.0008 Highly Significant ZM_S83452 Total kernel weight, g 166.94 140.21 26.72 19 0.0014 Highly Significant Total kernel number 888.89 830.22 58.67 7 0.2123 Non Signifincant Singel kernel weight, g 0.19 0.17 0.02 12 0.0045 Highly Significant ZM_S83473 Total kernel weight, g 145.87 146.47 −0.6 −0 0.9451 Non Signifincant Total kernel number 784.71 885.21 −100.5 −11 0.0099 Highly Significant Singel kernel weight, g 0.18 0.16 0.02 13 0.0618 Signifincant at 10% ZM_S83480 Total kernel weight, g 157.23 149.44 7.79 5 0.3769 Non Signifincant Total kernel number 856.67 924.28 −67.61 −7 0.0982 Signifincant at 10% Singel kernel weight, g 0.18 0.16 0.02 13 0.0018 Highly Significant ZM_S83483 Total kernel weight, g 164.86 158.27 6.6 4 0.3599 Non Signifincant Total kernel number 820.4 918.94 −98.54 −11 0.0165 Significant Singel kernel weight, g 0.19 0.17 0.02 12 0.0317 Significant ZM_S83897 Total kernel weight, g 132.62 149.44 −16.83 −11 0.0617 Signifincant at 10% Total kernel number 743.5 924.28 −180.78 −20 0.0001 Highly Significant Singel kernel weight, g 0.18 0.16 0.02 13 0.0125 Significant ZM_S83907 Total kernel weight, g 146.23 146.47 −0.24 −0 0.9807 Non Signifincant Total kernel number 733.44 833.41 −99.97 −12 0.0703 Signifincant at 10% Singel kernel weight, g 0.19 0.17 0.02 12 0.0792 Signifincant at 10% ZM_S83416 Total kernel weight, g 157.3 146.47 10.83 7 0.2666 Non Signifincant Total kernel number 881.8 833.41 48.39 6 0.3558 Non Signifincant Singel kernel weight, g 0.18 0.17 0 0 0.6827 Non Signifincant

Example 7

This example illustrates the preparation of transgenic plant cells containing recombinant DNA (SEQ ID NO:77) expressing a soybean MADS box transcription factor protein and identified as G1760.

The DNA encoding the soybean MADS box transcription factor was cloned from a soybean library and inserted into a recombinant DNA construct comprising a CaMV 35S promoter operably linked to the DNA encoding the transcription factor followed by a terminator. The recombinant DNA construct was inserted into a transformation vector plasmid to produce plasmid pMON74470, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10029 which was used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of soybean plant cells.

Soybean plant cells were transformed with recombinant DNA expressing the MADS box transcription factor using MON74470 and used to regenerate a population of transgenic plants. Transgenic soybean plants were regenerated and selected for screening for an enhanced trait.

Transgenic soybean plants exhibited flowers with highly enlarged sepals and a winding stem. The main stem exhibited reduced lateral branching and increased raceme formation. Flowering time was decreased by about 2 to 4 days as compared to control plants under short day (10 hr) and long day (14 hr) conditions. Transgenic plants also flowered by 5 weeks when placed under non-inductive 20 hr light; wild-type control plants did not flower under such conditions. Floral and pod abscission was greatly reduced in the transgenic plants resulting in an increase in the number of pods per plant. Wild type control plants produced on the order of 100 pods, specific transgenic plants produced at least 125 pods per plant and plants regenerated from plant cells of one transgenic event produced greater than 200 pods per plant. There was also a delay in maturity ranging from one week exhibited by plants from single copy event A29204 to a month exhibited by plants from a multi-copy event A28877. Over 95% of the pods on transgenic plants from event A29204 mature in a time period; but only 50% of the pods on transgenic plants from event A28877 mature in the same time period. Seeds from transgenic plants were smaller than seed from control plants and greater in number than seeds from control plants, e.g. about 1800 more seed per pound. Transgenic plants were also shown to be have enhanced water use efficiency.

In testing soybeans for drought tolerance, 4.5″ pots were prepared with Metromix 200 and the pots were adjusted to the same weight. Pots were saturated with water. R2 or R3 homozygous seeds were placed in the soil in the pots, 15 pots per event, 3 to 6 events per construct. Plants were grown with a light intensity of 600 μEM⁻²S⁻¹; Temperature: 28° C.; Relative humidity (RH): 60%. A gene check with gene check strip (Trait RUR Lateral Flow 50 tests, from Strategic Diagnostics, Inc.) for the presence of the CP4 gene was done on selected plants. Unwanted negative plants were discarded. When plants reached the V1 stage. Pots were saturated with water by thorough irrigation. A picture was taken of the plant in the water saturated pot. Excess water was drained and further water was withheld until the pot water content of 50% and 10% of the water capacity for well watered controls and drought treated plants, respectively (monitor the water content by measuring soil moisture or pot weight every 3-5 days). At approximately 10% of the saturated water weight, the plants began to show the onset of the wilting phenotype. Limited-watering was continued every 1-2 days to maintain pot water content at 50 or 10%. The drought injury phenotype was determined for next 14 days (see the table of measurements). Photograph of plants and physiological assays were run on each at 14 days after the onset of drought treatment. Theses included, but were not limited to, plant height, leaf relative water content, leaf water potential, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence. Pot were saturated with nutrient solution and resume regular watering schedule after 14 days. TABLE 25 Measurement Protocol Agronomic measurements Emergence, early season vigor, height (cm) Visual drought score Score of 1 to 4: 1. Healthy plants, no difference from control plants 2. On sight of wilting, leaves become wilt; 3. Wilted plants, still green and recoverable; 4. Severely wilted, chlorotic and not recoverable

Drought assay measurements as described in Table 25 taken on transgenic soybean plants showed that transgenic soybean plants from transgenic plant cells of event GM 29204 exhibited enhanced water use efficiency.

R0 plants regenerated from one transgenic plant cell event (28877) of 41 transgenic plant cells events produced a large number of pods per node and seeds/plant −531 R1 seeds per plant compared to an average of 150 seeds per plant, i.e. increased yield.

EXAMPLE 6 Consensus Sequence

This example illustrates the identification of consensus amino acid sequence for the proteins and homologs encoded by DNA that is used to prepare the transgenic seed and plants of this invention having enhanced agronomic traits.

ClustalW program was selected for multiple sequence alignments of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136 and its nine homologs, and SEQ ID NO: 151 and its 11 homologs. Three major factors affecting the sequence alignments dramatically are (1) protein weight matrices; (2) gap open penalty; (3) gap extension penalty. Protein weight matrices available for ClustalW program include Blosum, Pam and Gonnet series. Those parameters with gap open penalty and gap extension penalty were extensively tested. On the basis of the test results, Blosum weight matrix, gap open penalty of 10 and gap extension penalty of 1 were chosen for multiple sequence alignment. FIG. 2 shows the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 136, its homologs and the consensus sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10031) at the end. FIG. 3 shows the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 151, its homologs and the consensus sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10032) at the end. The symbols for consensus sequence are (1) uppercase letters for 100% identity in all positions of multiple sequence alignment output; (2) lowercase letters for >=70% identity; symbol; (3) “X” indicated <70% identity; (4) dashes “-” meaning that gaps were in >=70% sequences.

The consensus amino acid sequence can be used to identify DNA corresponding to the full scope of this invention that is useful in providing transgenic plants, for example corn and soybean plants with enhanced agronomic traits, for example improved nitrogen use efficiency, improved yield, improved water use efficiency and/or improved growth under cold stress, due to the expression in the plants of DNA encoding a protein with amino acid sequence identical to the consensus amino acid sequence.

EXAMPLE 7 Identification of Amino Acid Domain by Pfam Analysis

The amino acid sequence of the expressed proteins that were shown to be associated with an enhanced trait were analyzed for Pfam protein family against the current Pfam collection of multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models using the HMMER software in the appended computer listing. The Pfam protein families for the proteins of SEQ ID NO:84 through 166 are shown in Table 26. The Hidden Markov model databases for the identified patent families are also in the appended computer listing allowing identification of other homologous proteins and their cognate encoding DNA to enable the full breadth of the invention for a person of ordinary skill in the art. Certain proteins are identified by a single Pfam domain and others by multiple Pfam domains. For instance, the protein with amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 91 is characterized by two Pfam domains, i.e. SRF-TF and K-box; and, the protein with amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 165 is characterized by six Pfam domains, i.e. GAF, Phytochrome, PAS, a repeated PAS, HisKA, and HATPase. TABLE 26 NUC SEQ ID PEP SEQ ID Pfam domain name begin stop score E-value 3 86 Pkinase 79 337 343  4.30E−100 5 88 FA_desaturase 99 319 206.2 6.60E−59 2 85 Ras 10 178 297.9 1.60E−86 1 84 Glyoxalase 27 171 130.1 5.40E−36 8 91 SRF-TF 9 59 121.4 2.30E−33 8 91 K-box 75 176 151.7 1.70E−42 7 90 K-box 4 104 145.6 1.20E−40 83 166 SRF-TF 9 59 99.2 1.10E−26 83 166 K-box 75 172 92.4 1.20E−24 82 165 GAF 219 404 105.6 1.30E−28 82 165 Phytochrome 415 595 407.6  1.60E−119 82 165 PAS 622 738 88.9 1.40E−23 82 165 PAS 753 878 101.1 2.80E−27 82 165 HisKA 898 957 27.6 4.00E−05 82 165 HATPase_c 1012 1124 66.9 5.80E−17 9 92 Homeobox 97 158 68 2.80E−17 10 93 AP2 5 68 127.5 3.30E−35 11 94 GATA 196 231 71.3 2.70E−18 12 95 AT_hook 57 69 7.4 1.1 12 95 DUF296 84 208 183.6 4.30E−52 24 107 Synaptobrevin 128 215 137.6 2.90E−38 31 114 Pyridoxal_deC 28 381 194.6 2.10E−55 36 119 Metallophos 63 258 161 2.80E−45 21 104 Pkinase 12 267 346  5.40E−101 21 104 Pkinase_Tyr 12 265 88.5 1.80E−23 21 104 NAF 310 369 98.6 1.60E−26 26 109 MtN3_slv 9 98 96.7 6.10E−26 26 109 MtN3_slv 132 218 116.8 5.70E−32 27 110 Lactamase_B 94 252 125.1 1.80E−34 33 116 HSP20 53 157 159.9 5.80E−45 28 111 RTC 3 353 275.2 1.10E−79 28 111 RTC_insert 184 300 120.8 3.40E−33 37 120 PDZ 200 284 37.6 3.80E−08 37 120 Peptidase_S41 320 483 244.5 1.90E−70 35 118 E2F_TDP 167 232 131 2.90E−36 41 124 Pkinase 63 341 199.5 7.00E−57 41 124 Pkinase_Tyr 63 341 243 5.60E−70 43 126 zf-C2H2 72 94 25.6 0.00016 43 126 zf-C2H2 149 171 20.5 0.0054 4 87 zf-C2H2 85 107 22.1 0.0018 17 100 PRA1 10 161 181.8 1.50E−51 22 105 AAA 154 352 85 2.10E−22 14 97 CBFD_NFYB_HMF 31 96 134.4 2.80E−37 34 117 Peptidase_C15 11 219 −72.2 3.50E−07 20 103 Pkinase 13 267 345.5  7.80E−101 20 103 Pkinase_Tyr 13 265 75.2 1.80E−19 20 103 NAF 312 371 104.7 2.50E−28 32 115 HSF_DNA-bind 49 225 212.2 1.00E−60 19 102 Pkinase 37 291 353.9  2.30E−103 19 102 RIO1 50 208 −88.1 0.0038 19 102 NAF 375 432 101.8 1.80E−27 40 123 Aldo_ket_red 7 284 448.1  1.00E−131 42 125 FBPase 13 337 691.6  5.30E−205 6 89 SRF-TF 9 59 119.7 7.20E−33 18 101 DNA_photolyase 6 173 163.3 5.70E−46 18 101 FAD_binding_7 205 476 425.8  5.50E−125 30 113 Pkinase 41 327 326.6 3.80E−95 23 106 NIF 95 291 90.6 4.10E−24 15 98 Got1 30 130 237 3.60E−68 16 99 RRM_1 21 89 67.1 5.00E−17 29 112 Di19 13 206 365.4  8.00E−107 25 108 CorA 90 467 408.2  1.00E−119 39 122 SPC25 12 190 252.3 9.00E−73 44 127 Response_reg 18 139 151.1 2.60E−42 44 127 HisKA 320 385 101.5 2.30E−27 44 127 HATPase_c 432 565 138.4 1.70E−38 44 127 Response_reg 740 862 128 2.40E−35 44 127 Hpt 922 1013 63.4 6.60E−16 45 128 Response_reg 18 139 151.1 2.60E−42 45 128 HisKA 320 385 101.5 2.30E−27 45 128 HATPase_c 432 565 138.4 1.70E−38 45 128 Response_reg 740 862 128 2.40E−35 45 128 Hpt 922 1013 63.4 6.60E−16 46 129 NAM 9 135 313.7 2.90E−91 47 130 Aminotran_1_2 183 576 55.7 1.40E−13 48 131 Catalase 18 401 960.1  7.80E−286 49 132 BRO1 10 172 177.8 2.40E−50 69 152 Got1 30 130 211.8 1.40E−60 70 153 Got1 30 130 174.9 1.80E−49 71 154 Cystatin 36 124 87.6 3.40E−23 72 155 Cystatin 36 124 87.6 3.40E−23 73 156 RRM_1 22 87 32.4 1.40E−06 74 157 Pkinase_Tyr 55 304 86.2 9.10E−23 74 157 Pkinase 55 306 362  8.40E−106 75 158 SPX 1 167 88.9 1.30E−23 75 158 zf-C3HC4 238 286 17 0.0024 76 159 Pkinase_Tyr 19 271 70.8 4.00E−18 76 159 Pkinase 19 273 359.7  4.10E−105 76 159 NAF 324 381 105.6 1.30E−28 77 160 SRF-TF 9 59 100.8 3.60E−27 77 160 K-box 73 173 95.3 1.60E−25 50 133 Peptidase_S10 1 227 −42.7 6.00E−11 51 134 Ank 44 76 47.3 4.70E−11 51 134 Ank 77 109 33.5 6.40E−07 51 134 Ank 111 144 15.7 0.14 51 134 Ank 185 217 39.7 9.00E−09 51 134 Ank 228 260 30.7 4.50E−06 52 135 Pkinase_Tyr 51 341 158.7 1.40E−44 52 135 Pkinase 63 341 104.4 3.00E−28 54 137 GATase_2 2 162 11.8 6.10E−12 54 137 Asn_synthase 211 479 334.3 1.80E−97 55 138 HSP20 56 164 168.2 1.90E−47 78 161 Lactamase_B 93 251 129 1.20E−35 56 139 UPF0057 11 62 102.9 8.40E−28 57 140 Oxidored_FMN 6 341 302.1 9.10E−88 58 141 Pkinase 39 325 309.2 6.40E−90 59 142 Pyridoxal_deC 33 381 −546  3.40E−161 60 143 Pyridoxal_deC 33 381 546  3.40E−161 61 144 HSP20 57 160 178.8 1.20E−50 38 121 PDZ 200 284 37.6 3.80E−08 38 121 Peptidase_S41 320 483 244.5 1.90E−70 62 145 Cpn60_TCP1 59 562 578.6  5.40E−171 63 146 DSPc 50 188 142.9 7.70E−40 64 147 Isoamylase_N 61 149 94.9 2.10E−25 64 147 Alpha-amylase 209 589 −36.4 1.30E−07 79 162 Pkinase 45 299 360.3  2.80E−105 79 162 NAF 384 441 105.2 1.70E−28 65 148 DUF1685 38 146 184.5 2.40E−52 80 163 GAF 219 404 108.4 1.90E−29 80 163 Phytochrome 415 595 409.1  5.70E−120 80 163 PAS 622 737 96.6 6.50E−26 80 163 PAS 752 877 107.4 3.80E−29 80 163 HisKA 897 956 26.7 7.10E−05 80 163 HATPase_c 1011 1123 64.4 3.30E−16 66 149 Glyco_hydro_1 74 558 1024.9 0 67 150 ArfGap 17 133 174.4 2.50E−49 81 164 AP2 6 69 132 1.50E−36

TABLE 27 accession gathering pfam domain name number cutoff domain description AAA PF00004.17 10 ATPase family associated with various cellular activities (AAA) AP2 PF00847.9 0 AP2 domain Aldo_ket_red PF00248.10 −97 Aldo/keto reductase family Alpha-amylase PF00128.11 −93 Alpha amylase, catalytic domain Aminotran_1_2 PF00155.9 −57.5 Aminotransferase class I and II Ank PF00023.17 21.6 Ankyrin repeat ArfGap PF01412.8 −17 Putative GTPase activating protein for Arf Asn_synthase PF00733.10 −52.8 Asparagine synthase BRO1 PF03097.6 25 BRO1-like domain CBFD_NFYB_HMF PF00808.12 18.4 Histone-like transcription factor (CBF/NFY) and archaeal histone Catalase PF00199.8 −229 Catalase CorA PF01544.8 −61.3 CorA-like Mg2+ transporter protein Cpn60_TCP1 PF00118.13 −223.4 TCP-1/cpn60 chaperonin family Cystatin PF00031.10 17.5 Cystatin domain DNA_photolyase PF00875.7 −10 DNA photolyase DSPc PF00782.9 −21.8 Dual specificity phosphatase, catalytic domain DUF1685 PF07939.1 25 Protein of unknown function (DUF1685) DUF296 PF03479.4 −11 Domain of unknown function (DUF296) Di19 PF05605.2 25 Drought induced 19 protein (Di19) E2F_TDP PF02319.9 17 E2F/DP family winged-helix DNA- binding domain FAD_binding_7 PF03441.3 25 FAD binding domain of DNA photolyase FA_desaturase PF00487.13 −46 Fatty acid desaturase FBPase PF00316.9 −170.3 Fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase GAF PF01590.14 23 GAF domain GATA PF00320.15 28.5 GATA zinc finger GATase_2 PF00310.10 −106.2 Glutamine amidotransferases class-II Glyco_hydro_1 PF00232.8 −301.8 Glycosyl hydrolase family 1 Glyoxalase PF00903.14 12.1 Glyoxalase/Bleomycin resistance protein/Dioxygenase superfamily Got1 PF04178.2 25 Got1-like family HATPase_c PF02518.13 22.4 Histidine kinase-, DNA gyrase B-, and HSP90-like ATPase HSF_DNA-bind PF00447.7 −70 HSF-type DNA-binding HSP20 PF00011.9 13 Hsp20/alpha crystallin family HisKA PF00512.13 10.2 His Kinase A (phosphoacceptor) domain Homeobox PF00046.17 −4.1 Homeobox domain Hpt PF01627.11 25 Hpt domain Isoamylase_N PF02922.7 −6.5 Isoamylase N-terminal domain K-box PF01486.7 0 K-box region Lactamase_B PF00753.15 22.3 Metallo-beta-lactamase superfamily Metallophos PF00149.16 22 Calcineurin-like phosphoesterase MtN3_slv PF03083.5 −0.8 MtN3/saliva family NAF PF03822.4 25 NAF domain NAM PF02365.5 −19 No apical meristem (NAM) protein NIF PF03031.7 −81 NLI interacting factor-like phosphatase Oxidored_FMN PF00724.8 −147.7 NADH: flavin oxidoreductase/NADH oxidase family PAS PF00989.12 20 PAS fold PDZ PF00595.11 12.1 PDZ domain (Also known as DHR or GLGF) PRA1 PF03208.8 25 PRA1 family protein Peptidase_C15 PF01470.7 −100 Pyroglutamyl peptidase Peptidase_S10 PF00450.11 −198 Serine carboxypeptidase Peptidase_S41 PF03572.7 −25.8 Peptidase family S41 Phytochrome PF00360.9 11 Phytochrome region Pkinase PF00069.14 −70.8 Protein kinase domain Pkinase_Tyr PF07714.4 65 Protein tyrosine kinase Pyridoxal_deC PF00282.8 −158.6 Pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase conserved domain RIO1 PF01163.11 −89.1 RIO1 family RRM_1 PF00076.10 15.2 RNA recognition motif. (a.k.a. RRM, RBD, or RNP domain) RTC PF01137.11 −36.9 RNA 3′-terminal phosphate cyclase RTC_insert PF05189.3 25 RNA 3′-terminal phosphate cyclase (RTC), insert domain Ras PF00071.11 18 Ras family Response_reg PF00072.11 −14.4 Response regulator receiver domain SPC25 PF06703.1 25 Microsomal signal peptidase 25 kDa subunit (SPC25) SPX PF03105.9 −20 SPX domain SRF-TF PF00319.8 11 SRF-type transcription factor (DNA- binding and dimerisation domain) Synaptobrevin PF00957.9 25 Synaptobrevin UPF0057 PF01679.7 25 Uncharacterized protein family UPF0057

EXAMPLE 8 Selection of Transgenic Plants with Enhanced Agronomic Trait(s)

This example illustrates the preparation and identification by selection of transgenic seeds and plants derived from transgenic plant cells of this invention where the plants and seed are identified by screening a having an enhanced agronomic trait imparted by expression of a protein selected from the group including the homologous proteins identified in Example 4, SEQ ID NO: 121, 128, 152-160, 162 and 164. Transgenic plant cells of corn, soybean, cotton, canola, wheat and rice are transformed with recombinant DNA for expressing each of the homologs identified in Example 4. Plants are regenerated from the transformed plant cells and used to produce progeny plants and seed that are screened for enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil. Plants are identified exhibiting enhanced traits imparted by expression of the homologous proteins. 

1. A plant cell with stably integrated, recombinant DNA comprising a promoter that is functional in plant cells and that is operably linked to DNA from a plant, bacteria or yeast that encodes a protein having at least one domain of amino acids in a sequence that exceeds the Pfam gathering cutoff for amino acid sequence alignment with a protein domain family identified by a Pfam name in the group of Pfam names consisting of AAA, AP2, Aldo ket red, Alpha-amylase, Aminotran 1 2, Ank, ArfGap, Asn synthase, BRO1, CBFD NFYB HMF, Catalase, CorA, Cpn60 TCP1, Cystatin, DNA photolyase, DSPc, DUF1685, DUF296, Dil9, E2F TDP, FAD binding 7, FA desaturase, FBPase, GAF, GATA, GATase 2, Glyco hydro 1, Glyoxalase, Got1, HATPase c, HSF DNA-bind, HSP20, HisKA, Homeobox, Hpt, Isoamylase N, K-box, Lactamase B, Metallophos, MtN3 slv, NAF, NAM, NIF, Oxidored FMN, PAS, PDZ, PRA1, Peptidase C15, Peptidase S10, Peptidase S41, Phytochrome, Peinase, Pkinase Tyr, Pyridoxal deC, RIO1, RRM 1, RTC, RTC insert, Ras, Response reg, SPC25, SPX, SRF-TF, Synaptobrevin, UPF0057, zf-C2H2, and zf-C3HC4; wherein the Pfam gathering cuttoff for said protein domain families is stated in Table 28; wherein said plant cell is selected from a population of plant cells with said recombinant DNA by screening plants that are regenerated from plant cells in said population and that express said protein for an enhanced trait as compared to control plants that do not have said recombinant DNA; and wherein said enhanced trait is selected from group of enhanced traits consisting of enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil.
 2. A plant cell of claim 1 wherein said protein has an amino acid sequence with at least 90% identity to a consensus amino acid sequence in the group of consensus amino acid sequences consisting of the consensus amino acid sequence constructed for SEQ ID NO:84 and homologs thereof listed in Table 2 through the consensus amino acid sequence constructed for SEQ ID NO: 166 and homologs thereof listed in Table
 2. 3. A plant cell of claim 1 wherein said protein is selected from the group of proteins identified in Table
 1. 4. A plant cell of claim 1 further comprising DNA expressing a protein that provides tolerance from exposure to an herbicide applied at levels that are lethal to a wild type of said plant cell.
 5. A plant cell of claim 4 wherein the agent of said herbicide is a glyphosate, dicamba, or glufosinate compound.
 6. A transgenic plant comprising a plurality of the plant cell of claim 1
 7. A transgenic plant of claim 6 which is homozygous for said recombinant DNA.
 8. A transgenic seed comprising a plurality of the plant cell of claim
 1. 9. A transgenic seed of claim 8 from a corn, soybean, cotton, canola, alfalfa, wheat or rice plant.
 10. Non-natural, transgenic corn seed of claim 9 wherein said seed can produce corn plants that are resistant to disease from the Mal de Rio Cuarto virus or the Puccina sorghi fungus or both.
 11. A transgenic pollen grain comprising a haploid derivative of a plant cell of claim
 1. 12. A method for manufacturing non-natural, transgenic seed that can be used to produce a crop of transgenic plants with an enhanced trait resulting from expression of stably-integrated, recombinant DNA comprising a promoter that is (a) functional in plant cells and (b) is operably linked to DNA from a plant, bacteria or yeast that encodes a protein having at least one domain of amino acids in a sequence that exceeds the Pfam gathering cutoff for amino acid sequence alignment with a protein domain family identified by a Pfam name in the group of Pfam names consisting of AAA, AP2, Aldo ket red, Alpha-amylase, Aminotran 1 2, Ank, ArfGap, Asn synthase, BRO1, CBFD NFYB HMF, Catalase, CorA, Cpn60 TCP1, Cystatin, DNA photolyase, DSPc, DUF1685 DUF296, Dil9, E2F TDP, FAD binding 7, FA desaturase, FBPase, GAF, GATA, GATase 2, Glyco hydro 1, Glyoxalase, Got1, HATPase c, HSF DNA-bind, HSP20, HisKA, Homeobox, Hpt, Isoamylase N, K-box, Lactamase B, Metallophos, MtN3 slv, NAF, NAM, NIF, Oxidored FMN, PAS, PDZ, PRA1, Peptidase C15, Peptidase S10, Peptidase S41, Phytochrome, Peinase, Pkinase Tyr, Pyridoxal deC, RIO1, RRM 1, RTC, RTC insert, Ras, Response reg, SPC25, SPX, SRF-TF, Synaptobrevin, UPF0057, zf-C2H2, and zf-C3HC4; wherein the gathering cutoff for said protein domain families is stated in Table 28; and wherein said enhanced trait is selected from the group of enhanced traits consisting of enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced seed protein and enhanced seed oil, said method for manufacturing said seed comprising: (a) screening a population of plants for said enhanced trait and said recombinant DNA, wherein individual plants in said population can exhibit said trait at a level less than, essentially the same as or greater than the level that said trait is exhibited in control plants which do not express the recombinant DNA, (b) selecting from said population one or more plants that exhibit the trait at a level greater than the level that said trait is exhibited in control plants, (c) verifying that said recombinant DNA is stably integrated in said selected plants, (d) analyzing tissue of a selected plant to determine the production of a protein having the function of a protein encoded by nucleotides in a sequence of one of SEQ ID NO: 1-83; and (e) collecting seed from a selected plant.
 13. A method of claim 12 wherein plants in said population further comprise DNA expressing a protein that provides tolerance to exposure to an herbicide applied at levels that are lethal to wild type plant cells, and wherein said selecting is effected by treating said population with said herbicide.
 14. A method of claim 13 wherein said herbicide comprises a glyphosate, dicamba, or glufosinate compound.
 15. A method of claim 12 wherein said selecting is effected by identifying plants with said enhanced trait.
 16. A method of claim 12 wherein said seed is corn, soybean, cotton, alfalfa, wheat or rice seed.
 17. A method of producing hybrid corn seed comprising: (a) acquiring hybrid corn seed from a herbicide tolerant corn plant which also has stably-integrated, recombinant DNA comprising a promoter that is (a) functional in plant cells and (b) is operably linked to DNA that encodes a protein having at least one domain of amino acids in a sequence that exceeds the Pfam gathering cutoff for amino acid sequence alignment with a protein domain family identified by a Pfam name in the group of Pfam names consisting of AAA, AP2, Aldo ket red, Alpha-amylase, Aminotran 1 2, Ank, ArfGap, Asn synthase, BRO1, CBFD NFYB HMF, Catalase, CorA, Cpn60 TCP1, Cystatin, DNA photolyase, DSPc, DUF1685, DUF296, Dil9, E2F TDP, FAD binding 7, FA desaturase, FBPase, GAF, GATA, GATase 2, Glyco hydro 1, Glyoxalase, Got1, HATPase c, HSF DNA-bind, HSP20, HisKA, Homeobox, Hpt, Isoamylase N, K-box, Lactamase B, Metallophos, MtN3 slv, NAF, NAM, NIF, Oxidored FMN, PAS, PDZ, PRA1, Peptidase C15, Peptidase S10, Peptidase S41, Phytochrome, Peinase, Pkinase Tyr, Pyridoxal deC, RIO1, RRM 1, RTC, RTC insert, Ras, Response reg, SPC25, SPX, SRF-TF, Synaptobrevin, UPF0057, zf-C2H2, and zf-C3HC4; wherein the gathering cuttoff for said protein domain families is stated in Table 28; (b) producing corn plants from said hybrid corn seed, wherein a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed is homozygous for said recombinant DNA, a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed is hemizygous for said recombinant DNA, and a fraction of the plants produced from said hybrid corn seed has none of said recombinant DNA; (c) selecting corn plants which are homozygous and hemizygous for said recombinant DNA by treating with an herbicide; (d) collecting seed from herbicide-treated-surviving corn plants and planting said seed to produce further progeny corn plants; (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) at least once to produce an inbred corn line; (f) crossing said inbred corn line with a second corn line to produce hybrid seed.
 18. The method of selecting a plant comprising cells of claim 1 wherein an immunoreactive antibody is used to detect the presence of said protein in seed or plant tissue.
 19. Anti-counterfeit milled seed having, as an indication of origin, a plant cell of claim
 1. 20. A method of growing a corn, cotton or soybean crop without irrigation water comprising planting seed having plant cells of claim 1 which are selected for enhanced water use efficiency.
 21. A method of claim 20 comprising providing up to 300 millimeters of ground water during the production of said crop.
 22. A method of growing a corn, cotton or soybean crop without added nitrogen fertilizer comprising planting seed having plant cells of claim 1 which are selected for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency. 